National Journal Of Hospitality Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The National Journal Of Hospitality Management? Answer: Introducation Successful assistance work area or administration work area the board is a principal part of giving great client support and keeping up a decent client relationship. With this as an explanation, there are not kidding necessities of bettering the presentation gave by help work areas or administration work areas and their legitimate administration. It would help supervisors in gaining brought together inside and outer execution benefits. The thought is of making little strides towards improving assistance instead of essentially beginning from the beginning and afterward to a great extent putting resources into the dynamic technique. However, relationship with buyers face issues at the hour of making little strides, as that causes the association to turn out to be increasingly decided on the consolidation and change as opposed to on the inevitable preferred position - giving of clients the best client support and having the best type of relationship with them (Lucio-Nieto et al. 2012). Two most productive parts of a decent assistance work area or administration the board are examined underneath: Examining of existing practices Prior to assuming liability of any type of progress endeavors, there is the need of assessing what is as of now being done inside the business that are related with the arrangement of help inside the segments of help work area or administration work area, customers and different divisions of the association. Distinctively, it may happen that there exists effectively a few groups and divisions that are assuming up the liability of exercises that are like this and there are probabilities that a portion of the significant practices are now arranged set up inside the association that can be additionally advanced and acknowledged somewhere else (Jntti, Cater-Steel Shrestha, 2012). Like for instance, inside any product organization and their inner IT support, standards of IT framework library (ITIL) are as of now received, removing structure which the client care group could profit in a direct way from the ITIL technique for occurrences, issues, discharge and change the board in fluctuated zones like following item improvement, executing and following those new items in the market for the clients (Tang Todo, 2013). Reviews of the administration level administration by dint of administration foundation that is offered by the assistance work area or the administration work area and adjusting of the IT arrangements cautiously with the more extensive needs of the business would likewise bolster. Thought of self assistance arrangements Self assistance arrangements are considered by numerous individuals just like the best arrangement on the off chance that they are appropriately utilized inside the association. They contain the capacity of being enormously beneficial. The even present the benefits of introducing working out-of-hours inclusion that permits any worry the chance of being in consideration for being estimated to be taken care of on a priority premise the resulting day. As a rule, the information bases could be recouped by the end client for settling their own issues. Looking from the viewpoint of help work area or administration work area the board, these types of inclusion could be confirm as being colossally financially savvy, apparently removing 33% of the brings toward the primary line help work area or administration work area especially in regions, for example, call updates and status checking. This circumstance impacts enrollment and staffing levels, releasing workforces in increasingly inventive regions inside concern goals. As far as this conversation, at a lower level, self-administration can go about just like the best arrangement. It is very indispensable that situational dangers like when the end clients self-direct hugely specialized goals are stayed away from (Kokkinou Cranage, 2013). References Jntti, M., Cater-Steel, A., Shrestha, A. (2012). Towards an improved it administration work area framework and procedures: a case study.International Journal on Advances in Systems and Measurements,5(3 4), 203-215. Kokkinou, A., Cranage, D. A. (2013). Utilizing self-administration innovation to lessen client holding up times.International Journal of Hospitality Management,33, 435-445. Lucio-Nieto, T., Colomo-Palacios, R., Soto-Acosta, P., Popa, S., Amescua-Seco, A. (2012). Executing an IT administration data the board structure: The instance of COTEMAR.International Journal of Information Management,32(6), 589-594. Tang, X., Todo, Y. (2013). A Study of Service Desk Setup in Implementing IT Service Management in Enterprises.

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford GSB Dean Steps Down Abruptly

Blog Archive MBA News Stanford GSB Dean Steps Down Abruptly In a surprising move, Stanford Graduate School of Business (GSB) Dean Garth Saloner announced on Monday that he will resign at the end of the current academic year. “I have decided that it is in the best interests of Stanford and the GSB, two institutions that I love, that I step down,” Saloner wrote in a school-wide email. He continued: “As many of you know, the university and I have been vigorously defending a baseless and protracted lawsuit related to a contentious divorce between a current and former member of our faculty.” The lawsuit in question has been widely discussed in the media, culminating on Monday in a lengthy and controversial article published by Poets Quants. Saloner referenced the escalating media attention in his resignation statement, commenting: “I have become increasingly concerned that the ongoing litigation and growing media interest will distract all of you from the important work that you are doing and unfairly impact this stellar school’s dese rved reputation.” Saloner will continue as the dean until summer 2016, after which he will return to teaching at the school. Share ThisTweet News Stanford University (Stanford Graduate School of Business)

The Importance Of Writing During The Marine Corps

The importance of writing in the Marine Corps Writing In the Marine Corps is absolutely essential starting from the lowest private all the way up the to our Commandant of the Marine Corps. Marines need to have a good understanding of how to write and have a professional vocabulary to produce products that they can be proud of and others will easily understand. I will go through some of my own experiences with writing and the leaders that helped me. Being promoted in the Marine Corp is a lot more then just being in shape and shooting weapons you’ll have to understand policies and write fitness reports in a professional manner. As we will discuss, Marines also have the incredibly tough job of writing awards and putting what they see into words so others can recognize the gallant acts that they have seen on and off the battlefield. Our junior Marines must begin to write and comprehend at a very high level upon joining the military. At the rank of Lance Corporal you are required to have read and passed a Leading Marines course. In this course you learn from some of the greatest Marines that have come before us. â€Å"Thousands of Americans who have borne, and still bear, the title Marine are testimony that Once a Marine, Always a Marine and Semper Fidelis are phrases that define our essence.† (C.E. Mundy, Jr., Leading Marines, Pg. 4). As a junior Marine you are exposed to these amazing writing and you feel the sense of importance these writing have. At this point in yourShow MoreRelatedThe Battle of Belleau Wood Essay1152 Words   |  5 PagesThe Battle of Belleau Wood was one the most famous battles of World War I in which the U.S. Marine Corps made their debut into the Western Front. This battle was decisive because it confirmed the entry of the U.S. into World War I which is one of the main reasons, that the allies won the war. American involvement for the first couple years of World War I had been kept to simply supply the allies with weapons and supplies. It wasn’t until 1917 when the United States changed its view on isolationismRead MoreGear Accountability Essay1180 Words   |  5 PagesMitchell Strohmeyer Lance Corporal Uch 3/4 Kilo 20120811 Importance of Gear Accountability Gear accountability is very important in the Marine Corp. What would a Marine do in a combat environment if he left his Kevlar back at the rear? None of his brother’s would just happen to pull out an extra for him to borrow for the patrol. The same fundamentals apply to any other significant equipment items. In combat environments all the gear issued is issued for a reason, whether it is somethingRead MoreThe Last Stand of Fox Company Essay759 Words   |  4 PagesThe Last Stand of Fox Company 1. In as few words as possible, what is this book about? This book is a true story about a company from 2nd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, during the Chosin Reservoir in November of 1950 when China was getting involved in the Korean War. The company had to hold a hill so that other Marine units could fight their way clear of the Chinese and make it to the coast to get out of North Korea. 2. What made you want to read it? It was suggested that I read it byRead MoreThe Combat And Operational Stress Control1354 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract The purpose of this paper is to critically analyze three published articles that discussed the Combat and Operational Stress Control (COSC) program in the U.S Marine Corps, and it’s parallel in the U.S Navy, the Operational Stress Control that aims to prevent, identify, and treat stress problems being faced by the Marines, Sailors, and their families. The articles, however, offered different approaches on how its three primary components (stress continuum model, five core functions of aRead MoreHow Organizations Have Used Industrial Organizational Psychology Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesused for recruitment, selection and training process of employees. This essay aims to expound on two real-world examples of how organizations have used industrial-organizational psychology to select and train employees; namely, the United States Marine Corps (USMC) and the State Police Department. In doing so, an examination of the methods used to measure the levels of success of each trai ning program. Lastly, a discussion of any legal or ethical concerns that may arise in the implementation of eachRead MoreRunning Head:Policy. . . . . . Assignment #4: Problem Solution1195 Words   |  5 PagesCombat and Operational Stress Control (COSC) tool was created to provide access and appropriate framework to help for prevention interventions. These tools are available to active duty and retired Sailors, Marines, and their families. While COSC is implemented within the U.S Navy and U.S Marine Corps, different approaches have been observed and adopted to help leaders recognize distress among their personnel and intervene accordingly. While Nash et al. (2011) placed stressed on a model based on theRead More Marine Corps: Re-socialization of Young Men into a Warrior Society3279 Words   |  14 PagesUnited States Marine Corps. Unlike the recruiting efforts of the other services, which seem to focus on what you have to gain by serving with them, the Marine Corps’ recr uiting philosophy has always been one of challenging; giving young men the chance to prove that they have what it takes to be U.S. Marines. â€Å"We Never Promised You a Rose Garden,† â€Å"Take up the Challenge,† and â€Å"The Marine are Looking for a Few Good Men† are all recruiting slogans aimed at inviting prospective Marines to prove theyRead MoreTheodore Roosevelt : A Visionary Leader1554 Words   |  7 Pagesgreatest treasures. In his lifetime he had seen the slow erosion of these resources to urban development and industrialization. He knew he had to act quickly to protect these resources, but most politicians and the American people did not see the importance of protecting them. According to the Barnes Center for Enlisted Education [BCEE] (2016a) emotionally flexible leaders are able to act decisively when faced with a difficult decision by communicating clearly and making timely decisions. When TheodoreRead MoreMilitary Boll History1080 Words   |  5 Pagesceremony, Toasts, Dinner, Guest Speaker and the dance. Depending on the Military force depends on the date. National Guard:   December 16, 1636, U.S. Army:   June 14, 1775, U.S. Navy:   October 13, 1775 (Abolished Feb 1781 - Reinstated 7 Sep 1781), U.S. Marine Corps:   November 10, 1775, U.S. Coast Guard:   August 4, 1790, U.S. Air Force:   September 17, 1947. The Military Ball has a proper form for Conduction done in 6 different steps. As the first part â€Å"Protocol Information† basicallyRead More The Navajo Code Talkers Essay3342 Words   |  14 PagesThe Navajo Code Talkers During the Pacific portion of World War II, increasingly frequent instances of broken codes plagued the United States Marine Corps. Because the Japanese had become adept code breakers, at one point a code based on a mathematical algorithm could not be considered secure for more than 24 hours. Desperate for an answer to the apparent problem, the Marines decided to implement a non-mathematical code; they turned to Philip Johnstons concept of using a coded

The Idea Of Privilege And Discrimination - 1015 Words

The idea of privilege and discrimination plays a pivotal part in humanity. In my own definition, privilege is the freedom and immunity that one occupies based on certain characteristics. Some of the privilege factors in my social life are my race/ethnicity, class, and religion. On the other hand, I define discrimination as a form of social injustice in which one is at a disadvantage solely based on his features. For example, because of the pigment of my skin, my middle school teacher treated me in an unfavorable fashion. Furthermore, Race plays an important role in obtaining a privileged status. Dan Pence, a professor in Southern Utah University, argued that â€Å"once white students recognize their advantages, they acknowledge that†¦show more content†¦My background and cultures differ from many people because I come from another part of the world. One of the reason why I have a privilege status is from my upbringings. Ever since I was a little boy, my parents encouraged a nd strived for me to grow up as a well-educated man. It has been tested that at the age of 4, a child living in the United States has the ability to count to 15, while the same age child from Eastern Asian countries has the ability to count to 40 (Sun, 2012). Many Asian parents are stereotyped as being harsh on their kids; however, this has led to many advantages for me personally. Another advantage of being a different race is the ability to speak a different language. Many employers are searching for employees who are diverse and versatile. Employers like to see multiple languages on rà ©sumà ©s. In contrary, some employers do not hire anyone who is not a United States citizen. Succinctly, having a different ethnicity has its own advantages, but it also comes with many disadvantages. Both of my parents hold a steady job. Even though they do not receive huge paychecks, we get by enough to be happy. I would categorized our family as middle class. Being middle class is a privilege because it could be worse. We are just thankful that we are not out in the streets – we have a roof over our heads and dinner on the table. Because of our class, my parents are able to hold a position in the society. However, the social class

A Social Norm Transformations, Hybridizations And...

Introduction: Hijra is a term which refers distinct professions such as ritualized blessing during weddings and childbirth; traditionally they dress like women to represent famine physic and may undergo penectomy and castration (orchiectomy) but also usually designate themselves as an individual whom is separate from men and women (Reddy 205:134; Nanda 1990). According to Nanda, Hijra remove their penis and testicles for the mother goddess And the blood is allow to flow freely with the belief that it drains away the â€Å"the heat† which is a source of maleness and sexual desire. Therefore they become turn to be a â€Å"Sannayasi† or a saint who embodies the strength of the goddess and is able to convey it to others in the form of blessing (Roscoe: 1996; P 210). Because of the public pressure, many of the hijra forgo their penis as it’s like a social norm, hijra does not have rights to have a penis. Transformations, hybridizations and adaptation creates a rubric identity of h ijra in Bangladeshi society. Identity transformations of hijra occurred through three collective mechanisms: body performativity, Social and institutional discursive practice and intra communal hierarchical patron-client relation. Contextualize the Research Field The transformation of transgender identity in ancient India is not academically recognized yet therefore the prehistoric epic and mythological character of Hindu religion is very significant to discuss. Consequently the discursive practice of HijraShow MoreRelatedWhat s Taking Place Around The World? Essay1631 Words   |  7 Pagesto a culture different from theirs? Globalization, as defined by Wan Shun Eva Lam, is what s taking place around the world concerning integration, migration of labor, growth of media and the rise of communication, and culture transformation that challenge traditional social structure (Wan Shun Eva Lam. 214) This position paper focuses on the issue of culture in globalization and education, and how culture has a huge influence on people around the world and their education. Some people tend to placeRead MoreGlobalization Strategy Of The Korean Pop Music9775 Words   |  40 Pagesapps on mobile phones like Facebook, YouTube, Shazam, Spotify and many other social networking, music discovering and streaming apps. According to the IFPI, â€Å"the music industry is continuing its transformation into a global digital business, expanding into new markets and extending new access models to more territories across all continents.† (IFPI, 2014) Undoubtedly, the internet is the ideal method to achieve transformation into global digital business because it is never limited by space or timeRead MoreGlobalization and It Effects on Cultural Integration: the Case of the Czech Republic.27217 Words   |  109 Pagesintegration in the Czech Republic. Other objectives are to examine the effects of globalization on the economic, political and socio-cultural domains in the Czech Republic in general. To determine how globalization has contributed to the transformation of the national sovereignty to global sovereignty. It is also to examine the current rate of integration and the characteristics of the people in the cultural integration process. Furthermore, the study is intended to identify and describeRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesreshape the nature of management accounting. In the recent past, management accounting has not only seen changes within existing domains of the Weld but has also witnessed extensions outside its established realms of activity. Wider systemic transformations including changes in political regimes, novel conceptions of management controls, the impact of globalizing forces on commercial aVairs, shifts in notions of eVective knowledge management, governance, and ethics, and technological advances, including

In the Taming of the Shrew, Petruchio recognizes, Essay Example For Students

In the Taming of the Shrew, Petruchio recognizes, Essay respects and desires Kates intelligence and strength of character. He does not want to conquer or truly tame her. He is a man who is very confident in himself and does not want or need someone to massage his ego. Petruchio seems to me to be a man of sport and challenge and likes to surround himself with witty, challenging people. He wants in a mate what Kate has fire. From Petruchios response to his friend Hortensio (I.ii.64-75), it might be said that Petruchio came to Padua to make himself richer by marriage, to any woman, no matter how wretched. Petruchio is not in desperate need of money (I.ii.56-57). He tells Hortensio (I.ii.49-57) that his father has died and that he is out in the world to gain experiences he cannot at home and only secondarily to find a wife. Also, immediately before this declaration, is the scene of misunderstanding between he and his servant Grumio about knocking on the gate (I.ii.5-43). I see this exchange as demonstration of his enjoyment of verbal sport, a good example of Petruchios sense of humor and his appreciation of things non-conventional. Though Petruchio may not agree with what society has determined to be proper and dignified, he is aware of the importance of appearing to conform. In what he says to Hortensio, I feel he is simply extending this sport and humor into the ironic. It is in Hortensios description of Kate that I believe Petruchios interest is captured. Hortensio describes Kate (I.ii.85-89) as wealthy, young, beautiful, properly brought up intolerably cursed, shrewed and froward. Though Hortensio finds the last three traits negative characteristics, Petruchio appears to be a man who also posses, and is proud of, these negative qualities. That the qualities are considered negative in Kate and not Petruchio is a reflection of the societal standards of the fifteen hundreds. It was okay for a man to be that way, but not a woman. Petruchio is the kind of man who would want a mate with similar qualities to his own to challenge him, sharpen his wits and keep his interest. If he had wanted someone who was conformed to societies expectations, or who had already determined to deceive by concealing opinions and views, he would have chosen someone more like Bianca. However, Petruchio is a clever man who sees beyond faades because he uses them, in addition to a lot of irony himself (II.i.46), (II.i.283-289). It is clear in Grumio and his other servants (as demonstrated in the opening of act 4 (IV.i.1-113) that Petruchio prefers the interesting to the conventional. But because Petruchio understands the ways of society, he knows he must demonstrate to Kate the importance of proper public appearance. To Petruchio it is appearance rather than genuine conformance that is important. Otherwise, the woman he loves would be called names and treated in ways Petruchio might be required by honor to defend. In his ironic way, Petruchio does speak consistently about making Kate yield to him (II.i.124,136), (II.i.269-271) and of his monetary motivation (II.i.123,124). But, his methods are sportsman-like (Falconry, (IV.i.183-190) and game-like demonstrations of the outrageous (beating Grumio because Kates horse stumbled IV.i,68-80). Petruchios servants like him very well and enjoy his entertainments. In what Petruchio says following he and Kates first meeting (when her father walks in with Gremio and Tranio (II.i.269)) it becomes clear just how heavily Petruchio employs irony. He states that he is born to tame and conform Kate. Though the servants he has chosen to surround himself with are neither tame nor conforming to what most would consider proper servants. He also says he must and will have Katherine for his wife. This is a man who is completely taken by this woman: he called her properly by her formal name and says he will have her. Petruchio is as taken by Kates person as the other suitors are taken by Biancas beauty and coyness. .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 , .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .postImageUrl , .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 , .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:hover , .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:visited , .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:active { border:0!important; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:active , .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29 .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8bc89b3fb7dd6eb1d11a7a8283170a29:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Art Of The Western World EssayIn the above scene, Petruchio tells Kate to never make denial. He knows she is not yet convinced, but is telling her to trust him and go along with what he says for the sake of appearance. This slowly sinks into Kate and finally takes hold when she understands Petruchios way of irony on the way home to her fathers (IV.v.12-22). Because they are so much alike, Kate takes very quickly to Petruchios games of words and irony (IV.v.37-50). Petruchio is the kind of lively person who would be disappointed in a victory too easily won, and disappointed in Kate if she were genuinely tamed. I feel certain she will have her victories, and Petruchio will e njoy them as much as his own.

Contrast the priorities of the northern and southern Renaissance Essay Example

Contrast the priorities of the northern and southern Renaissance Paper The renaissance was a period in European cultural history that began in Italy around 1400 and lasted there until the end of the 16th century. It flourished later elsewhere in Europe and lasted until the 17th century. The Renaissance brought an all around change in the way people thought and in their beliefs. People began to discover the world and discover themselves as individuals. The world was beginning to change, technology progressed, and art and music became liberated. The Renaissance could also be known as a Revival of Learning. People began to question the basic facts of life of which they were forced to accept. Acceptance was replaced with questioning, experimenting, understanding and learning. Central to the renaissance was humanism, the belief in the active, rather then the contemplative life and a faith in the republican ideal. However the greatest expression of the renaissance was in arts and learning. For example Alberti, in his writings on painting, created both methods of painting using perspective to create an illusion of a third dimension and a classically inspired non-religious subject matter. Even in his architecture, he created a system of simple proportion that was to be followed for hundreds of years. The Renaissance was heralded by the work of the early 14th-century painter Giotto in Florence, and in the early 15th century a handful of outstanding innovative artists emerged there: Masaccio, in painting, Donatello, in sculpture, and Brunelleschi, in architecture. At the same time the humanist philosopher, artist, and writer Leon Baptista Alberti recorded many of the new ideas in his treatises on painting, sculpture, and architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast the priorities of the northern and southern Renaissance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast the priorities of the northern and southern Renaissance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Contrast the priorities of the northern and southern Renaissance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These ideas soon became widespread in Italy, and many new centres of patronage formed. In the 16th century Rome superseded Florence as the chief centre of activity and innovation, and became the capital of the High Renaissance. The cultures throughout Europe were hugely diverse and have remained so to this present day. So therefore it is highly likely that the renaissance took on different meanings and interpretations throughout Europe. In northern Europe the Renaissance spirit is apparent in the painting of the van Eyck brothers in the early 15th century. The Italian artists Cellini, Rosso Fiorentino, and Primaticcio took the Renaissance to France through their work at Fontainebleau. The ideas, concepts, understandings and priorities of the renaissance could not have been the same throughout a continent that differed in social, cultural, political and religious issues. So there is no query that the artistic renaissance originated in Italy. And this change in Art had a huge impact on art in the north. Artists in the rest of Europe were impressed by the new ideas on art from Italy. Italy therefore attracted many of the great artists from elsewhere in Europe. When we look at the works of art during the renaissance in both Italy and the north, we can see that they both set out to achieve the same goals more or less, such as, an interest in individual consciousness and a desire to make images of the visible world, often portraying a religious scene, more believable and accessible. 1 However there are many striking differences in methods and techniques due to a manifold of reasons. Because the patrons in the north tended to be of the bourgeois class, rather that religious or noble, the artists that they sponsored, painted for civic or even domestic display. Communities commissioned works for their chapels and town halls. This could be the reason why the works of art from the northern renaissance were often on a smaller scale than those from the Italian renaissance. There was a frequent use of grisaille to portray a more sculptured look on the triptych covers. The climate had a great impact on the methods of painting in the north and south. Frescoing was more common in Italy as the warm climate enabled the paintings to dry quicker, whereas with the damp, colder climate of the north, frescoes took longer to dry. The artists wanted to meet public demand and thus produced smaller, mobile works of art. It is also clear that the northern artists and patrons were concerned about their social status. They wanted to show their current and even potential social positions. The Italian artists seemed somewhat oblivious to their step on the social ladder. Symbolism seemed central to the northern artistic renaissance. One example of this is Holbeins The Ambassador, which features a number of valuable objects, which attempt to display the status of the subjects and their interests in intellectual matters. The northern artists crowded their paintings with many minor details in the background and on the subject matter with the aim of displaying their wealth. The Italian artists did not feel the need to include these small objects of everyday use when depicting biblical scenes or in their portraits of their wealthy sponsors. It is therefore clear that both the northern artists and the Italian artists aimed to achieve a sense of realism and credibility in their work, but they both contained many unique features, which differed greatly from each other. One of the key features of the renaissance is Humanism. This is associated more with the northern renaissance. Humanists believed that God had given each person free will and that it was up to everybody to use their talents to the full and to achieve their true potential. When we think of humanism, we think of the famous Erasmus, Petrarch or Moore. These humanists played an important role in the renaissance. Erasmus had a thorough training in the classic authors as well as in the languages and grammar, which he mobilised in the cause of Christian scholarship. He was probably the greatest classical scholar of his age and he used his knowledge of Greek and Latin sources to demonstrate the profound effect of ancient culture on Christianity. He believed that the classics could inspire good taste, stimulate sound and clear thinking and could cultivate clear, accurate and precise verbal and written expression. He also believed that their study along with the Bible would promote greater religious devotion and goodness. This piety through literature was the basis of Erasmuss educational philosophy and his religious reformism. Erasmus attacked clerical abuse through his literature, he wrote I could see that the common body of Christians were corrupt not only in its affections, but in its ideas. Like Erasmus, Petrarch restored the Latin classics and he initiated the recovery and revision of ancient texts that followed with the early 15th century. Petrarch would be considered a northern humanist because although he was born in Florence, he was raised in Provence. However although Humanism is associated more with the northern renaissance, the humanists of Italy had similar beliefs Alberti of Florence believed that each person was responsible for their own destiny. The longing to come to terms with the way in which the world worked was an essential attribute in the learning of the renaissance, and it is certainly no big shock that important scientific developments occurred during the 15th and 16th centuries. Although Columbus was born in Italy, he would be associated with the northern renaissance, as his culture was purely Spanish. All his letters, even those addressed to Italians, were in Spanish. His studies of the Pole Star led him to the conclusion that the Earth was pear-shaped. Another man from the northern renaissance was Copernicus from Poland. Copernicus was a famous astronomer who by careful observation, with the naked eye, of the phases of an eclipse, he had discovered the dual motion of the planet on their own axes and around the sun. By 1512, he had this system worked out to the smallest detail. However, he hesitated to publish his work as he said, I can well believe that when what I have written becomes known, there will be an uproar. Copernicus changed the way the world thought forever as he argued that the earth was the centre of the universe and not the earth, with the planets and their satellites revolving around it. The amazing thing about he discoveries of Copernicus is that they were the products of pure reason applied to facts known to the ancients and carefully noted by ptolemy2 So it was clear that the northern universities led the way in the new astronomy. It is doubtful whether the cause of scientific development stems greatly from the Italian renaissance. Indeed, it was the thesis of Toffanin that the rise of humanism stifled the sciences in favour of literature. The Germans invented printing and certainly Copernicus was born in Poland, and Francis Bacon precedes Galileo, who only gives a scientific achievement to Italy well into the 17th century, outside the chronological limits usually set to the renaissance. Also an independent spirit of enquiry arose in European biology and medicine. Human dissections were routinely performed from the 14th century and anatomy emerged as a mature science from the eager activity of the Belgian, Andreas Vesalius, whose De humani corporis fabrica is one of the masterpieces of the Scientific Revolution. His achievement was to examine the body itself rather than relying simply on Galen; the illustrations in his work are simultaneously objects of scientific originality and of artistic beauty. The rediscovery of the beauty of the human body by Renaissance artists encouraged the study of anatomy by geniuses such as Leonardo da Vinci. Shortly afterwards, an Englishman, William Harvey discovered the circulation of the blood and established physiology on a scientific footing. His little book De Motu Cordis (1628; On the Motion of the Heart) was the first great work on experimental physiology since the time of Galen. The eccentric wandering Swiss doctor Paracelsus had also deliberately set aside the teachings of Galen and other Ancients in favour of a fresh approach to Nature and medicine and to the search for new remedies for disease. These discoveries were all made by men from the northern renaissance, which may indicate that the renaissance in the north was more concerned with discovery and solving the unknown rather than just art. The Catholic Church was extremely affected by the renaissance too. The renaissance way of think brought about the reformation and there is no doubt that the church could see it coming. Humanists such as Erasmus, Petrarch and Moore questioned the church. They let their beliefs be known that each man controlled his own destiny, and therefore there was no divine rights given to anyone from God. The renaissance was an age of reformers. Above many reforms in art, literature, science and technology was the renewal of the relationship between humanity and God by thoroughly reforming the church. Through reason and education, these humanists aspired to transform not only the church but also society. So in fact it was the northern humanists who paved the way for the reformation. Therefore the Catholic Church faced many threats to its authority during the renaissance period. In both north and south, artists strove to perfect realism in their art and began to analyse nature and the human body. The church had originally exerted control over the masses by keeping them in the dark so to speak, by not encouraging them to investigate, explore or question what they were told. It was not a priority or aim of the northern and southern renaissance to contradict the teachings of the church, but by systematically reasoning and analysing the basic facts of life, they gradually took away the power of the church upon the people. The style of renaissance architecture, which began in 15th-century Italy, was based on the revival of classical, especially Roman, architecture developed by Brunelleschi. It is characterised by a concern with balance, clarity, and proportion, and by the external use of columns and fluted pilasters. Many Roman buildings were still extant in Renaissance Italy and artists and scholars studied their proportions and copied their decorative motifs. The architectural books of the Roman Vitruvius, 1st century AD were made popular by Leon Battista Alberti in his influential treatise De re aedificatoria/On Architecture 1486 but the first major work of the age was the successful construction by Brunelleschi of a dome 1420-34 on Florence Cathedral. Alberti himself designed a new fai ade for Santa Maria Novella, completed 1470, in Florence, and redesigned a church in Rimini subsequently called the Tempio Malatestiano, c. 1450. Bramante came closest to the recreation of classical ideas with works such as the Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, c. 1510 and the new basilica of St Peters in Rome, begun 1506. Other Renaissance architects in Italy include Michelangelo, Giulio Romano, Palladio, Vignola, Sangallo, and Raphael. As Renaissance architecture spread throughout the rest of Europe it often acquired a distinctively national character through the influence of indigenous styles. Renaissance architecture in England is exemplified by the Queens House at Greenwich, London, built by Inigo Jones 1637 and in France by the Louvre Palace built for Frani ois I 1546. In Spain, a fusion of Renaissance and Gothic architectural forms led to the flamboyant style called Plateresque, Manuellian in Portugal, typified by the fai de of the university at Salamanca, completed 1529. Overall, we can see that although the renaissance throughout Europe, meant a change in the way people thought, its priorities varied from country to country. The Italian renaissance prioritised their art producing many famous works of art such as de Vincis Mona Lisa, Michaelangelos David and hundreds more, nevertheless, humanism and discovery were not excluded. However the northern renaissance prioritised Humanism and discovery, although playing an important role in renaissance art.