How Does the Legacy of Colonialism Contribute to Some of the Economic Essay

How Does the Legacy of Colonialism Contribute to Some of the Economic Issues Facing Caribbean Countries Today - Essay Example Colonialism can be defined as â€Å"the domination of people another country† (Osterhammel & Frisch, 1997, p15). This involves suppressing the inferior culture. These Caribbean countries include Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, Dominican Republic, and Puerto Rico among others. Caribbean countries have common problems, which include financial stress and lack of sufficient investment; as a result, they face crisis in the credit markets. Nevertheless, colonialism impact on the Caribbean countries is felt up to date. Cuba and Puerto Rico gained independence in 1901 whilst Jamaica and Trinidad gained their independence in 1962 (History of the Caribbean 2012). Colonial governments were mostly undemocratic, and emphasized on divide and rule, which weakened the local power institutions. This paper will discuss the legacy of colonialism in relation to some of the economic issues facing the Caribbean countries. Legacy of colonialism and its contribution to some of the economic issues facing Caribb ean countries today The Caribbean countries struggled, but were full of courage for many years to attain their freedom and democracy as well. These countries have been a target to many developed countries due to their natural resources. However, the Caribbean countries have, over the years, tried to improve their economy to no avail; they have also tried to engage in clothes production, processing of food, and manufacturing of sugar, all of which have ended up in failure. The effects of colonialism have been felt on the Caribbean economy, which have contributed to its weakness. Though the Caribbean countries have attained their independence, some colonial policies hinder the Caribbean economy from excelling, posing as a ground for exploitation. According to The Michael Manley foundation (2006), colonizers of the Caribbean countries benefited greatly from controlling these countries; for instance, slave trade impacted positively on the industrialization of Britain, and as a result, e merging as the wealthiest nation. The colonized countries did advanced partially, as all the profits extracted from their resources benefited the mother countries of the colonizers. In addition, the Caribbean countries were not in a position to produce what they required, but they produced what the colonizers needed (The Michael Manley foundation, 2006). Today, the developed nations continue to benefit from the natural resources of the Caribbean countries with insignificant returns. For instance, Trinidad produces oil while Jamaica produces coffee, bananas, and sugar, all of which are exported to the developed countries. The developed nations use these raw materials to the benefit of their countries, and export the finished goods to the Caribbean countries; as a result, they make huge profits, while the Caribbean countries receive fewer returns. Colonialism encouraged the exportation of agricultural goods; as a result, the Caribbean countries have continued to lay more emphasis on t he exportation of such goods rather than investing in their manufacturing industries by expanding them. If the Caribbean countries would expand on their manufacturing industries, they would gain more profits through exporting finished goods, rather than raw goods, and as a result, boosting their economy. Importing more and exporting less is the trend of the Caribbean countries, this trend began in the colonialism era, where these colonized nations imported goods from the colonizing

Terrorists society Essay Example for Free

Terrorists society Essay Perhaps the most known terrorist in the world is Osama Bin Laden. Just as other terrorists of his ilk, there are certain psychological features that are inherent in him. Though it is impossible to study the psychological profile of a single terrorist, researches by psychologists identify a certain trend in their way of thought and actions (Kaplan, 1981). This paper outlines the psychological makeup of terrorists, traits that are observed in Osama Bin Laden. There are certain risk factors that make one highly likely to become a terrorist. These factors combine to give a profile that is general to terrorist the world over. Although a terrorist’s profile can be narrowed down to individuals, there is always a generational transmission of extremist beliefs that starts in early life. A terrorist also feels alienated or oppressed by others in the society. This perceived alienation could be from the locality or at more extended levels as global perspective. A terrorist also has a psychology of being victimized for the ills of the society. Terrorists also believe that any violations by the enemy should be retaliated by equal measure of violence (Post, 2008). The response meted out to the enemy affords the terrorist higher moral standings among his/her peers who regard him/her as a hero. In addition to the above, terrorists believe their ethic, class or social group is special and superior to others and are targeted by others for destruction. Terrorists in most cases lack the political powers to initiate and carry out their plans to success. They therefore turn to violence as the only means of attaining their goals. Terrorists would not carry out their activities if they had no criminal mentality. Moreover, terrorists do not have any fear for death and believe the high esteem from peers is more important than the legacy left behind by dying in the process of carrying out an attack (Hoffman, 1999). Terrorist will always identify with a certain group where the members share the course, suffering, and trauma. At the same time, the group may provide camaraderie and a sense of significance to its members. Historical and Socio-Cultural Antecedents to September 11. Different opinions have been voiced on the most likely antecedents of the 9/11 attacks. These range from religious animosity between Christians and Muslims to the US Occupation of Arab countries and the perceived foreign policies of the American Government. While it is apparent that Al-Qaeda was responsible, theories have been proposed to explain the causes of 9/11 attacks. Some researchers have blamed the Muslim madrasas for instilling a simplistic view of Jihad in young Muslims. Poverty has also been cited as a cause of the 9/11 attacks by a section of world scholars. There have been theories relating the attacks to the democratic principles of the American society, a position vehemently denied by Osama himself. He asked why he did not attack other free-countries such as Sweden. There is also a feeling that efficient funding from wealthy Saudis supported the terrorists in the planning and execution of the attacks. The historical aggressiveness of the U. S towards certain countries due to their oppressive governance and weak systems and institutions has made these countries terrorists’ haven. Decline and stagnation in the Middle East and the humiliation of the Islamic world also led to the attacks. These weak and falling states have been terrorists’ bases from where they plan attacks on real and perceived enemies (Simonsen et al, 2000). In addition to U. S occupation of Arab countries, the clash of civilization between the Arab and American world also led to the attacks. The differences in ideologies such as communism between the U. S. and the Arab world also played a role in causing the attacks. Radicalism resulting from Afghan Jihads against the Soviet Union contributed to the attacks. The generation that participated in the war was radicalized and developed criminal mentality as well. Mental Illness and Terrorism There has been an on-going debate on the role of mental illness in terrorism among scholars. Most studies have dwelt on expert opinions instead of involving the community directly to study the causes of terrorism (Sageman, 2004). This trend has resulted in different conclusions on the role or mental illnesses in terrorism. Most of the studies have failed to factor in on the human vulnerability of the isolated groups and focused on the belief that a terrorist must be mentally unstable to conduct such cruel acts. While some mental experts believe that one should not blame mental illness for terrorist attacks, others feel the mental stability has a role in terrorism. The root causes of terrorism are social factors and not mental illnesses. Mental experts of this line of thought think that psychiatry is not the tool to counter terrorism. Psychiatrists who have tested failed suicide bombers have diagnosed little psychiatric illnesses in violent or mild terrorists. Certain studies have only concentrated on individual instead of the larger terrorism set. Studies should focus on the collective societal needs that compel a group of people to become violent and not on individuals. People become terrorists because of the feeling of being marginalized, oppressed, or targeted by others whom they henceforth consider enemies. Any means to carry out a revenge on such enemies is thus justified. Conclusion Studies have shown a certain mind-set that is inherent in terrorists, albeit in different proportion. Terrorists always see their society to be threatened by others for extinction or victimization based on ideological differences. They react to these notions by violent means that they consider justified provided the intended goals are achieved. They are motivate by the social ills they feel target their society. References Hoffman, B. (1999). Inside Terrorism. NY: Columbia University Press. Kaplan, A. (1981). The psychodynamics of terrorism: Behavioral and quantitative perspectives on terrorism. New York: Pergamon Post, J. M. (2008). The mind of the terrorist: The psychology of terrorism from the IRA to Al-Qaeda. Palgrave Macmillan. Sageman, M. (2004). Understanding terror networks. University of Pennsylvania Press. Simonsen, C. , Spindlove, J. (2000). Terrorism today: the past, the players, the future. NJ: Prentice Hall.

The Human Muscular System Essay -- Science Biology

The Human Muscular System The human muscular system is made up of over 600 connecting muscles. All of the muscles work together in sync to make your body move in inumerable different ways. None of the body systems can work without muscles and your muscles can't work without your other body systems so that means that all of your body systems need each other to work and make your body function correctly. Your muscles need protein, nutrients, and oxygen to move and work. Then the circulatory system carries those essential particles to your muscles from the digestive and respiratory systems. That is when your circulatory system carries the leftover waste back to the original systems to be discharged from your body. Your nervous system runs the whole show by telling your different systems to make this whole process happen. Muscles Your muscles are made up of body tissue which consists of very very small fibers which make up your muscles and you also have ligaments which help your muscles move in the right way. Each of your muscles are responsible for their own special job. All of your muscles contract to provide motion when the brain sends a signal through the nervous system which are stimulants. These stimulants tell your muscles to move your arms, legs and other muscles move your eyelids and they all work in sync to make you walk and talk. There are some muscles in which you have no control over like the muscles in your internal organs like your heart, sto...

What If Rizal Was Not Exciled

In July 1982 Jose Rizal was exiled as prisoner in Dapitan. When he arrived in Dapitan, he found it to be a sleepy little town. He thought of ways and means to make it clean, beautiful, and modern. With the help of his friend, father Sanchez, he made a map of Mindanao in front of the church. The map was made up of stones, earth, and grass and it serves as adornment that makes the town plaza beautiful. He and Father Sanchez, together with the citizens, had erected a lamp post in every corner of Dapitan.By stroke of luck, he won six thousand pesos from lottery ticket and he spent the amount in Dapitan. Modern agriculture implements were taken and transmitted from the United State and he taught the farmers how to use them. He bought sixteen hectares of land along the bay where he himself built a little house. He had become a farmer who himself worked hard, toiled, and happy in planting coffee and cacao and from 800 to 1,000 coconuts. (Retana, 1907) As a doctor, Rizal was aware of a wide spread of malaria due to mosquito bites.In order to get rid of malaria, he drained the swap where mosquitoes were staying. He also directed the construction of water system to have potable water for the town. (Retana, 1907) As a scientist, he collected, with the help of his pupils, different kinds of species of insects, birds, snakes, butterflies, shells, and plants which he sent, for purposes of identification, to Museum of Dresden in Europe. As payment of these species, Director A. B. Meyer sent him scientific books and journals, artificial eyes, microscopes, and surgical instruments since he did not accept money.He also discovered three rare specimens of animals that were named in his honor by European scientist, these were: Draco rizali which is a small lizard know as a flying dragon; Apogania rizali a rare kind of beetle; and the Rhacophorus rizali, a peculiar frog species. Rizal was also an inventor although he was not as inventive wizard as Thomas Edison. He invented a cigare tte lighter which he called Sulpakan. The lighter used a compressed air mechanism. He sent it as a gift to his friend, Dr. Blumentritt. He also invented a wooden machine for making bricks which can produce about 6,000 bricks per day. Bantug, 1946; Craig ,1957; Kalaw 1930; Zaide, 1984) Rizal put up a school where he himself was a teacher. There were formal classes conducted from two to five o clock in the afternoon. His students, all of them were seventeen who were sons of leading citizens in Dapitan, had learned from him Arithmetic, Geometry, and two languages, English and Spanish. (Craig, 1927) It was in Dapitan where he treated the eyes of her mother and he succeeded because her mother’s eyes were cured temporarily. Upon request of his mother when she returned in Manila after Rizal had treated her eyes, Rizal wrote a poem entitled My Retreat.Critics had agreed that this poem was the most profound and noble he ever composed, but, it was only second to My Last Farewell. (Reta na) George Taufer an American from Hong Kong proceded to Dapitan to have his eyes treated by Rizal. Mr. Taufer was accompanied by two young women, Josephine Bracken and Manuela Orlac. Rizal and Josephine met every time Mr. Taufer had scheduled for treatment. Because of their meetings, Rizal and Josephine fell in love with each other and they intended to get married. Rizal asked the Dapitan priest but the priest told him to secure permission to marry Josephine from Bishop of Cebu.However, upon learning about the marriage, Mr. Taufer attempted to cut his own throat but was prevented by Rizal by holding his two wrists. Mr. Taufer also became temporarily insane because he would loss Josephine if he married Rizal. When Mr. Taufer went back in Manila, Josephine went along with him in order to avoid tragedy. Josephine did not go to Hongkong when Mr. Taufer proceeded there. Josephine retured in Dapitan and there, Rizal and Josephine lived together like man and wife. (Russel & Rodriguez, 192 3) If Rizal was not exiled in Dapitan the forgoing events and circumstances could not have happened.Dapitan would still be sleepy little town because it was Rizal who had awaken it. Illnesses of malaria and diarrhea are prevalent because swamp would not have drained and there will no potable water, respectably. The implements for agriculture are not modern because Rizal could no have won 6,000 pesos in lottery ticket and therefore modern agricultural implement could not have been taken from the United States. There is nothing in Europe specifically in Museum of Dresden that a Filipino people can be proud of as of today because Rizal could not have sent more than 400 articles of scientific value.The European scientist could not have praise Rizal because he could not have discovered the three rare specimens of animals. In fact, the European scientist, as token of appreciation to Rizal, had named rare specimen the rare specimen in his honor. In effect, even in Europe Rizal is being rec ognize to be a science because of his discovery and collection of different specimen of animals and plants. He could not even be an inventor for having invented a lighter and a wooden machine for making bricks because if he is in Manila, he would be very active in reforming the friars through peaceful means.If Rizal did not meet Josephine in Dapitan, the retraction issue will not exist. To allow Rizal to marry Josephine, the Spaniards wanted Rizal to sign the retraction document which contain that he is denouncing all the books and articles that he had written against catholic religion; and he had regain his faith in catholic religion. However controversy arises because some believe that Rizal signs it and so he married Josephine Bracken. Others said that his signature was not genuine and he did not marry Josephine Bracken.If Rizal was incarcerated in Fort Santiago, his movement is limited to his prison cell. Instead of being a farmer, scientist, and inventor, his attention and work s would be focus in La Liga Filipina by writing about the abuses of friars and the reforms he wanted to undergo in governance by Spanish officials in the Philippines. (he is very accessible to he could still be imprisoned in Fort Santiago where his movement is confined in a prison cell. He could have been easily approached and consulted by Filipinos who wanted to stage uprising against Spanish government.If he was in Manila, he could have easily noticed the mistakes and mistreatments being done by the Spaniards to the Filipinos and therefore, he could have expressed his oppositions to these mistreatments. If Rizal was not exiled in Dapitan he could not have met Josephine whom he wanted to marry. Retraction controversy on Rizal regarding whether he became a catholic again or not could not have been an issue because the main reason why Rizal wanted to return in his religion is because he wanted to marry Josephine.La Liga Filipina which he was actively involved could not be dormant. La Liga Filipina is a group which is derived from La Solidaridad and the Propaganda Movement. When Jose Rizal got exiled in Dapitan the Organization La Liga Filipina became inactive and later on split into two, the conservative had formed the Cuerpo de Compromisarios and the Radical which is led by Andres Bonifacio had formed the secret group named the Katipunan. The La Liga Filipina would have still existed if Rizal was still n Manila because he would have continued his active participation as reformist to correct and reform the misadministration being conducted by the Spanish officials as well as the misdemeanor of friars in the Philippines. ) http://joserizal. info/Biography/man_and_martyr/chapter13. htm http://joserizal. info/Biography/man_and_martyr/chapter14. htm http://www. mb. com. ph/node/236170/hero-exile-remembered http://agham. asti. dost. gov. ph/1st/rizalnat. htm http://joserizal. info/Reflections/retraction. htm

Ict in Teacher Education

ICT in Teacher Education Dr. R. Sivakumar Assistant Professor Department of Education Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar – 608002. Abstract Information and Communication Technologies has a great potential to contribute positively towards knowledge dissemination, effective learning and the development of more efficient education service. In teacher education, student-teachers acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and competences on how to integrate technology in education. The knowledge and competences are how to use ICT in teaching and learning has gained enormous importance in today’s teacher education programs.The integration of information and communication technologies can help revitalize teachers and students. This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas. Use of ICT in learning settings can act to support various aspects of knowledge construction and as more and more students employ ICTs in their learning processes. ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education. Introduction Teacher is considered to be the architect of the nation. One can realize how important education is which makes one a teacher.Teacher education is looked after by a systematic operation of various agencies involved in it. Various education commissions and a number of expert committee have discussed the aims of teacher education in India. One of the main reasons is the inadequate academic, professional and pedagogic preparation and insufficient level of knowledge and the skills of the faculty. Besides this, traditional versus modern methods of teaching, outdated knowledge and information and lack of skills, teachers attitude, aptitude and authenticity of their sources of knowledge are some of the other core issues.Owing to knowledge explosion and tremendously fast changing ICT, the teachers sometimes find it rather difficult to cope with the new intellectual chall enges being thrown up by the changed global and local context. Therefore, they need to acquire new knowledge, and reliable and authentic information. In present scenario, teachers need to help their students in: how to learn, how to grow in future, how to develop study skills, how to conduct fundamental research, how to examine, evaluate and assess information This is necessary if the teachers really want to survive in the ICT world of education.A teacher plays a significant role not only in class teaching learning situation but in social engineering too. Society gives a respectable place to teachers who are really perspective empowered. This empowerment is not at in terms of physical perspective. It is in academic, intellectual, social, and national perspectives. ICT in Education Information and Communication Technologies has a great potential to contribute positively towards knowledge dissemination, effective learning and the development of more efficient education service. Inform ation and Communication Technologies are becoming increasingly pervasive in reaching schools.It is essential that teachers and teacher-educators have a thorough working knowledge of these media and their influence on the performance and engagement of their students. ICT includes, but is not limited to, personal computers, laptops, printers, LCD projectors, palm devices, iPods, fax machines, cell phones, Internet, Intranet and Web-Based Education that offers accessibility, flexibility and innovativeness in teaching and learning. Teachers have ability to use digital technology, communication tools, and networks appropriately to solve information problems in order to function in an information and knowledge society.This encompasses three areas of ICT literacy, namely cognitive, technical, and social. ICT integrated teacher education is more important to Indian education system that is committed to maintain global partnership as well as leadership in knowledge-based society. ICT in educ ation are not only new tools bringing evolution and changes. They raise new fundamental paradigms, new fundamental concepts, which change profoundly our societies, which change knowledge and access to knowledge. The digital natives will bring this new context, whatever the schools do or not. This is a new challenge for schools and for teachers.Digital natives are not only new pupils, a kind of new step in the humankind; they are the main actors of the new digital society, the new citizens of the knowledge society. Learning and teaching in the digital society. It should be no surprise that teachers who, like other professionals, are expected to be lifelong learners, must also meet the challenges of digital and mobile technologies. It is not simply a matter of mastering new technology; since the entire traditional paradigm has been up-ended, they must re-examine their profession and redefine their role of the teachers in the learning process.Understanding and mastering technology is t he starting point of a process of creating a new school. ICT in Teacher Education Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have the potential of educational challenges. In teacher education, student-teachers acquire appropriate knowledge, skills and competences on how to integrate technology in education. The knowledge and competences are how to use ICT in teaching and learning has gained enormous importance in today’s teacher education programs.This is because student-teachers’ adoption of ICT use in the classroom has strong positive correlation with the pedagogical training rather than technical skills a particular ICT-related teacher education program or course must seek to promote the following aspects of knowledge so as to help students-teachers know how to use technology in the teaching and learning processes: * Knowledge of problems or situations that can be solved by technology. * Knowledge of the kind of technology that can solve this kind of problem. * Knowledge of how the technology can solve a specified problem.This kind of knowledge is known as Technological Pedagogical Content Knowledge (TPCK). It is important that student-teachers are trained on how to use ICT in delivering of education to make learning more meaningful for using Education Technologies to support instruction. Student-teachers should be introduced to TPCK concept and should work in an environment that promotes this understanding for effective integration of technology in their future teaching. ICT courses in teacher education must also strive to develop a sound understanding of the learning theories and ways how ICT can be used to enhance teaching and learning.It is expected that ICT courses in teacher education should make student-teachers appreciate that the choice of any particular technology should be grounded not only on specific learning theory but also on pedagogical needs and the context. This ICT course must promote among student-teachers the knowledge and competences related to the application of ICT to promote teaching and learning process. Using ICT in education includes: * the use of ICT as object of study: which refers to learning about ICT which enables student-teachers to use ICT in their daily life. the use of ICT as aspect of a discipline or profession: meaning that ICT is used for development of ICT skills for professional or vocational purposes. * ICT as medium for teaching and learning which focuses on the use of ICT for the enhancement of the teaching and learning process. To effectively use the new information and communication technologies (ICTs) to improve learning, the following essential conditions must be met: * Students and teachers must have sufficient access to digital technologies and the Internet in their classrooms, schools, and teacher education institutions. High quality, meaningful, and culturally responsive digital content must be available for teachers and learners. * Teachers must have the knowledge and skills to use the new digital tools and resources to help all students achieve high academic standards. Teacher education institutions are faced with the challenge of preparing a new generation of teachers to effectively use the new learning tools in their teaching practices. For many teacher education programmes, this daunting task requires the acquisition of new resources, expertise and careful planning.In approaching this task it is helpful to understand: * the impact of technology on global society and the implications for education, * the extensive knowledge that has been generated about how people learn and what this means for creating more effective and engaging student- centred learning environments, * the stages of teacher development and the levels of adoption of ICTs by teachers, * the critical importance of context, culture, leadership and vision, lifelong learning, and the change process in planning for the integration of technology into teacher education, * the IC T competencies required of teachers related to content, pedagogy, technical issues, social issues, collaboration, and networking, * the importance of developing standards to guide implementation of ICTs in teacher education, * the essential conditions for successful integration of ICTs into teacher education, * important strategies to consider in planning for the infusion of ICTs in teacher education and managing the change process. Integrating ICT into teachingThe integration of information and communication technologies can help revitalize teachers and students. This can help to improve and develop the quality of education by providing curricular support in difficult subject areas. To achieve these objectives, teachers need to be involved in collaborative projects and development of intervention change strategies, which would include teaching partnerships with ICT as a tool. ICT enhancing teaching and learning process Introduce ICT into their classrooms: teachers should believe in the effectiveness of technology, teachers should believe that the use of technology will not cause any disturbances, and finally teachers should believe that they have control over technology.The use of ICT will not only enhance learning environments but also prepare next generation for future lives and careers. The integration of ICT into teaching and learning processes contributes to increase the interaction and reception of information. Such possibilities suggest changes in the communication models and the teaching and learning methods used by teachers, giving way to new scenario which favours both individual and collaborative learning. Students using ICTs for learning purposes become immersed in the process of learning and as more and more students use computers as information sources and cognitive tools. The influence of the technology on supporting how students learn will continue to increase.In the past, the conventional process of teaching has revolved around teachers plann ing and leading students through a series of instructional sequences to achieve a desired learning outcome. Learning approaches using contemporary ICTs provide many opportunities for constructivist learning through their provision and support for resource-based, student centred settings and by enabling learning to be related to context and to practice. Use of ICT in learning settings can act to support various aspects of knowledge construction and as more and more students employ ICTs in their learning processes, the more pronounced the impact of this will become. Teachers generate meaningful and engaging learning experiences for their students, strategically using ICT to enhance learning. ICT enhancing the quality of educationICT increases the flexibility of delivery of education so that learners can access knowledge anytime and from anywhere. It can influence the way students are taught and how they learn as now the processes are learner driven and not by teachers. This in turn wo uld better prepare the learners for lifelong learning as well as to improve the quality of learning. In concert with geographical flexibility, technology-facilitated educational programs also remove many of the temporal constraints that face learners with special needs. Students are starting to appreciate the capability to undertake education anywhere, anytime and anyplace. One of the most vital contributions of ICT in the field of education is- Easy Access to Learning.With the help of ICT, students can now browse through e-books, sample examination papers, previous year papers etc. and can also have an easy access to resource persons, mentors, experts, researchers, professionals, and peers-all over the world. This flexibility has heightened the availability of just-in-time learning and provided learning opportunities for many more learners who previously were constrained by other commitments. Wider availability of best practices and best course material in education, which can be s hared by means of ICT, can foster better teaching. ICT also allows the academic institutions to reach disadvantaged groups and new international educational markets.As well as learning at any time, teachers are also finding the capabilities of teaching at any time to be opportunistic and able to be used to advantage. Mobile technologies and seamless communications technologies support 24Ãâ€"7 teaching and learning. Choosing how much time will be used within the 24Ãâ€"7 envelope and what periods of time are challenges that will face the educators of the future. Thus, ICT enabled education will ultimately lead to the democratization of education. Especially in developing countries like India, effective use of ICT for the purpose of education has the potential to bridge the digital divide. Uses of ICT in language arts How ICT improves the teaching/learning of language or how to improve language teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for language materials and lessons * Searching literature-based, creative writing, problem-solving Internet projects with the option of using interpersonal exchanges, virtual gatherings, peer feedback or mentoring to support student learning. * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a language art curriculum Uses of ICT in science * How ICT improves the teaching/learning of science or how to improve science teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for science materials and lessons * Science education on the Internet Use of computers software and calculators for science teaching * Use of computer to simulate scientific phenomena and use of graphic calculators to collect and analyse data * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a science curriculum Uses of ICT in mathematics * How ICT improves the teaching/learning of mathematics or how to improve mathematics teachi ng through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for mathematics materials and lessons * Use of computer software and calculators for mathematics teaching * Use of computers and graphic calculators to collect and analyse data and to build and test mathematical models of the real-world * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a mathematics curriculum Uses of ICT in social studies How ICT improves the teaching/learning of social studies or how to improve social studies teaching through intelligent and informed use of technology * Searching and using Internet resources for social studies materials and lessons * Searching problem-solving, enquiry and creative thinking materials with the option of using interpersonal exchanges, virtual gatherings, peer feedback or mentoring to support student learning * Constructing technology-enhanced lessons or lesson plans within a social studies art curriculum Conclusion The teach er education system empowered by ICT driven infrastructure can have a great opportunity to come up to the centre stage and ensure academic excellence, quality instruction and leadership in a knowledge-based society. ICT has revolutionized the entire concept of education. It is really a challenging task to strengthen ICT in teacher education because a large majority of the teacher education institutions are unequipped or under-equipped in the terms of digitized and high-tech infrastructure. References Ahmed, S. and Singh, M. (2010).Multimedia in Teacher Education Empowering Accessible, Flexible and innovative learning,  Shikshak – Shikha Shodh Patrika  Vol. (04) No (1) pp. 32-33. Flecknoe, M. (2002). â€Å"How can ICT help us to improve education†? Innovations in Education & Teaching International, Vol. 39, No. 4, Pp; 271-280 Mishra, P. , & Koehler, M. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 10 8(6), 1017-1054. Montgomerie, C. , & Irvine, V. (2001). Computer skill requirements for new and existing teachers: Implications for policy and practice. Journal of Teaching & Learning, 1(1), 43-55. Moore, M. amp; Kearsley, G. (1996). Distance Education: A Systems View. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Paliwal A. K. (2006). Faculty development in teacher education perceptions and changing context, sovinier 7th National conference MATE pp 10-11. Takwal, R. (2003) Problems and Issues faced by Indian Education system UGC Golden Jubilee Lecture series. pp. 5. Venna S. K (2010) Teacher Education some qualitative consideration,  Shikshak – Shikha Shodh Patrika  vol (04) NO (1) pp. 10. Yusuf, M. O. (2005). Information and communication education: Analyzing the Nigerian national policy for information technology. International Education Journal Vol. 6 No. (3), Pp; 316-321.

What Is Subrogation Should You Waive It

What Is Subrogation Should You Waive It SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Signing up for car insurance and not sure if it's worth it to pay a premium to waive subrogation? Or maybe you've been in an accident and the other person has offered to settle with you if you sign a waiver of subrogation- should you do it? What is subrogation, really? Before you decide, you'll need to understand what subrogation is and why you would (or wouldn't) want to waive it. In this guide, we define subrogation and explain when and why it occurs to help you make an informed decision. What Is Subrogation? In layman’s terms, subrogation occurs when Person A owes something (usually money) to Person B, and Person C steps in and legally takes Person B’s place (including the rights to what Person A owed to Person B). An example would be if you owed money to a loan company and someone else bought your debt. The person who bought your debt could then use subrogation to have you pay them back the debt (even though you didn’t borrow any money from this person originally). Here’s the more technical subrogation definition: â€Å"The substitution of one person in the place of another with reference to a lawful claim, demand or right so that he who is substituted succeeds to the rights of the other in relationship to the debt or claim, and its rights, remedies, or securities.† (source: Black's Law Dictionary) You’re most likely to encounter subrogation when dealing with insurance claims, but it can also crop up in situations with guarantors (like co-signers of a lease or a loan). How Does Subrogation Work? Because the most common place people encounter subrogation is in dealing with car insurance, I’ll explain it through an example of a car insurance claim. Let’s say you're driving along the highway one day and you get into an accident with another driver. One of your brake lights is cracked, your rear bumper is hanging off one side, and you need a new paint job. To pay for the repairs to your car, you file a claim to your insurance company with the other driver’s insurance information and cross your fingers. If your insurance company determines the other party was at fault, they’ll pay the claim to cover the damage (minus your deductible). You get your car repaired, and your life goes on as usual. Behind the scenes, however, your insurance company will seek to recover their costs from the other party’s insurance company (or if that’s not possible, from the other party). It is the right of subrogation that allows your insurer to seek to recoup the money that they paid out to you in the claim from the at-fault party. For the most part, the only involvement you'll have in this whole process is if your insurance company chooses to pursue subrogation. If they do, they’re legally obligated to inform you and attempt to recover the cost of your deductible as part of the money they're seeking from the at-fault party. If your insurance company does pursue subrogation, they'll require you to cooperate with their subrogation attempt. Among other things, this means that you likely won’t be permitted to sign a waiver of subrogation after an accident or claim. What Is a Waiver of Subrogation? A waiver of subrogation means that you give up your right to have another party (usually your insurance company) attempt to recover what a third party owes you. Let's return to the example of car insurance for a moment. Most insurance contracts forbid you from signing a waiver of subrogation after you’ve already filed a claim. You may be able to sign one in advance of any accident if your insurance allows for adding waiver of subrogation endorsements to existing policies. If you do this, however, your insurance company might charge you an extra premium to try and minimize their losses that way. By signing a waiver of subrogation, you waive your car insurer’s right to try to recover their costs (including the cost of your deductible). You’re most likely to come across waiver of subrogation clause after an accident if the at-fault party in the accident or their insurance company attempts to settle with you directly (without going through your insurance company). They’ll want you to sign a waiver of subrogation so that they’re not at risk of being hit up twice for the same incident (once from you, once from your car insurance pursuing subrogation). In most cases, your own car insurance will require you to notify them if you’ve decided to sign a waiver of subrogation (just as they have to notify you if they opt to pursue subrogation against the at-fault party or their insurance). That way, your insurance company won’t waste time and legal fees trying to get back money the at-fault party already paid out to you. Should You Sign a Waiver of Subrogation? While signing a waiver of subrogation can save you the hassle of lawsuits and dealing with insurance claims, it also means you’re far less likely to be able to recover any non-out-of-pocket costs (like all or part of your deductible). If you let your insurance company pursue subrogation, they become responsible for all the legal fees and paperwork and hassle- all you have to do is wait and see if they’re successful in recovering any of your deductible. Therefore, you should be very cautious about signing a waiver of subrogation clause, either in your car insurance contract or for a settlement after an accident. Not only might it be forbidden if you’ve already filed an insurance claim and didn’t have a waiver of subrogation signed with your insurance company before, but it could also mean that you end up with a smaller payment than you would otherwise. The only reasons to consider signing a waiver of subrogation are if: you have sizeable out-of-pocket costs that you’re hoping to recover (since your insurance company can only pursue subrogation for costs they’re responsible for), OR you believe you’ll be able to get a more favorable settlement than your insurance company would Even in these cases, however, be aware that if you sign a waiver of subrogation after the accident, your insurance might refuse to pay all or some of your claim (making it imperative that you win your suit against the at-fault party or their insurance). Other Kinds of Subrogation Aside from dealing with car insurance, you might encounter subrogation claims in a few other situations. Subrogation will most often be at issue when it comes to various types of insurance, including homeowners’ insurance- and health insurance-related subrogation claims, but it can occur with contracts of any sort. In the next couple of sections, we'll discuss the other two most common ways you'll come across subrogation in your day-to-day life: health insurance and student loan repayment. Health Insurance Subrogation For health insurance, subrogation most often comes up in the context of personal injury lawsuits. If you successfully sue another party for medical damages, your health insurance will often make a claim for part of your settlement through their right of subrogation. This might seem strange at first, but it turns out there’s a good (and in most cases, fair) reason for this. As with car insurance, when you sign up for health insurance, part of what you agree to is that the health insurance company will pay your claims on the condition that it has the right to seek reimbursement for your claims from whoever is responsible. When you go to the doctor’s office, you’re the responsible party, which is why you pay your premiums and have a co-pay. When it comes to a situation where you’ve been injured in an accident by a third party and have successfully won a suit against them, however, this changes- that third party is now responsible for your medical bills. If your health insurance company is to get reimbursed at all for your medical expenses, it must be from that third party’s payment to you. They can’t claim it from the third party themselves – otherwise, you’d be getting doubly reimbursed (your medical bills paid by the insurance company + the settlement from the third party), and the third party would be getting doubly charged, which is against the law. So while it might seem unfair that your health insurance company gets part of the settlement, it makes sense. The good news is that you won’t have to pay more than the insurer would pay for the same services. For instance, if a hospital charges $2,000 for a lab test connected to your treatment but your insurance company only has to pay $400, you would only owe the insurance company $400 out of your settlement. Student Loan Subrogation Currently, the federal government offers direct student loans, which means the loans are offered directly through and guaranteed against default by the Department of Education. If you took out a federal student loan before 2010, however, your loan would have been guaranteed by a separate student loan guarantor agency. If your loan involves a guarantor of any kind, it could be subrogated if the agency that originally guaranteed your loan you sells off your loans to a third party. The most common case where this occurs is when the Department of Education buys back a loan from one of these agencies. Unless it is otherwise prohibited by law or the loan contract you originally signed, the Department of Education can then step into the shoes of the original student loan guarantor agency to collect the loan back from you, even if you had defaulted on the loan. Besides causing you the financial burden of having to pay back a defaulted student loan, student loan subrogation will also have a negative impact on your credit score. Because the subrogation means that you now technically owe money to someone new (even though you haven’t taken out a new loan), your defaulted loan will reappear on your credit history and cause your credit score to drop. Subrogation Claims: The Bottom Line You can define subrogation as what happens when you owe something (usually money) to one entity and a second entity steps into the shoes of the first entity to collect what’s owed. Subrogation most often comes up in the context of car insurance claims, but it can be pursued under other circumstances as well, including health insurance claims and student loan repayment. In the context of insurance, you might be able to sign a waiver of subrogation endorsement before any issues arise for an additional premium. If you try to sign a waiver of subrogation afterwards, however, you might end up having your insurance claim partially or totally rejected. If you have a defaulted loan that gets subrogated, it will reappear on your credit report after subrogation because you now owe money to someone new What’s Next? Carrying a lot of student loan debt and not sure what the best way to pay it off is? Learn when and how to consolidate your student loans. If you have a bad credit score, what are your credit card options? Read our comprehensive list of the best unsecured credit cards for people with bad credit here.

Art Gallery Project essays

Art Gallery Project essays For the Arts group, we will present an artist (or genre) for about 30minutes to introduce the background and influences as well as techniques employed by a particular artist. The remaining hour will be devoted to each student creating their own representation of what we presented. For example, each student will create their own Van Gogh on the 1st of November. We will save all of their artwork throughout the 6 weeks. After the program has ended, we will have some sort of art gallery reception. The time/location is still up in the air because we may be able to use the caf that Kristen works at. If have the gallery at the caf, we are going to invite the parents and family and possibly even sell their art work. If not, we will probably have it the following Monday after the program completes during the after-school program hours. We are planning on having juice and fancy hors devours to create a real art gallery feel.For the Arts group, we will present an artist (or genre) for a bout 30minutes to introduce the background and influences as well as techniques employed by a particular artist. The remaining hour will be devoted to each student creating their own representation of what we presented. For example, each student will create their own Van Gogh on the 1st of November. We will save all of their artwork throughout the 6 weeks. After the program has ended, we will have some sort of art gallery reception. The time/location is still up in the air because we may be able to use the caf that Kristen works at. If have the gallery at the caf, we are going to invite the parents and family and possibly even sell their art work. If not, we will probably have it the following Monday after the program completes during the after-school program hours. We are planning on having juice and fancy hors devours to create a real art gallery feel. ...

Song Lyrics and Standard English

Song Lyrics and Standard English Song Lyrics and Standard English Song Lyrics and Standard English By Maeve Maddox According to a story in the NY Times, researchers from the University of Pittsburgh studied the 279 most popular songs from 2005 looking for references to drugs and alcohol. I’d like to see a study that tracks the repetition rate of nonstandard English in popular music. The Pennsylvania study found that some genres mention drugs and alcohol more than others. From my own cursory and unscientific survey, I conclude that nonstandard English is well represented across genres. (My observations are based on lyrics from songs mentioned in lists like the Top 40. There may be some better ones somewhere.) Song lyrics have more power to influence the language of young people now than they did in earlier generations. When I was growing up, I listened to songs on the radio at home, not while I was at school or walking around town. I had a record player and a small collection of records. My total listening time probably didn’t amount to more than two or three hours a week. Today’s adolescents spend an average of 16 hours a week listening to music. Nine out of ten in this age group have an MP3 player or a CD player in their rooms, and I’d guess that a great many younger children have them as well. Most American high schools operate on a 36-week schedule. Class sessions vary in length from 45 to 55 minutes. At best, a student never absent will receive about four and a half hours of English instruction a week for 36 weeks of the year; compare that to 16 hours of music consumption a week every week of the year: English instruction = 162 hours per year Music listening = 832 hours per year During those 832 hours, young music fans hear thousands upon thousands of repetitions of such constructions as: I feel the magic between you and I. –Eric Carmen When you cheated girl, my heart bleeded girl. – Justin Timberlake Can we conversate? –Young Rant/Shorty B. Can You handle me the way I are? –Timbaland Far too many stars have fell on me. –Dan Fogelberg As time goes by, you will get to know me a little more better. –Backstreet Boys The way my body feel/When you’re laying right beside me. –Sevyn Streeter Me and you are supose to be together. –Ashley Tisdale A blogger at the music site Hooks Harmony gives the crown for bad grammar to Beyoncà ©. Peter Lee’s article about â€Å"Get Me Bodied,† together with his translation of the song into standard English, is one of the funniest language laments I’ve ever read. The poor man gives it his best shot, but finally gives up: â€Å"I can’t finish this. I feel like I just translated the last half of Flowers for Algernon.† No one expects popular song lyrics to be written in formal English. The golden oldies had their share of gonnas, wannas, ain’ts and double negatives. But none of the songs from the 1940s, 1950s, or 1960s that I browsed while writing this post exhibit the vulgarity and verbal poverty of the lyrics of recent popular music. Efforts at school reform notwithstanding, the most competent English teachers in the world cannot compete with the steady indoctrination in vacuous and nonstandard English that goes on outside the classroom. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†Grammar Quiz #21: Restrictive and Nonrestrictive ClausesHow Do You Pronounce "Mozart"?

Q5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Q5 - Essay Example It involves inputting relevant data, company information, and knowledge from individuals in the decision making panel as well as business models to come up with solutions to problems facing the organization as well as important decisions for the organization (Power, 2002).   My organization applies the decision support systems often to acquire and conduct an analysis of data on turnover, budgets as well as sales forecasts. The marketing strategies are often updated whenever the analysis is performed using the decision support systems. The information that is gathered by the decision support systems include; records of the organization’s assets and data warehouses. There are also relational data sources as well as proportional information on sales in recurrent weeks. The systems also gather information on the organization’s revenue projections based on the assumptions made as regards the sale of new products. The decision support systems have the benefit of maintaining efficiency among the decision makers. They enhance decision making through speedy identification of problems as well as solutions. Moreover, interpersonal communication in the organization is enhanced. Control of the organization is enhanced, and it is possible for organizational learning and training of staff to be accomplished more easily. For the management to be credible as regards the decisions that are made in the organization, the decision support systems are needed to provide fresh evidence to uphold the decision. The organizational competitiveness is increased and also empowers the decision makers to explore and discover better strategies for accomplishment of organizational decision making. It is also a major step towards automation of the organizational management as well as introduction of new methods of thinking as regards problems facing

Clarifies the problems, and relates these problems to appropriate Term Paper

Clarifies the problems, and relates these problems to appropriate management theory, suggests 3 practical initial strategies the company could consider to address the issues - Term Paper Example Specific issues that will be discussed in this paper include: the problems that affect leadership, suggestions on how to solve them, the benefits that result from the suggestions, and the theory of leadership. The culture in Ecobot was one that undermined its employees. The mindset was that ‘labor is cheap’ which resulted to the organization investing most of its resources on the machinery and the processes. The culture got justification from the fantastic results and strong performance of the company. The human resource was forgotten as a result. The statement that labor is cheap meant that employees were dispensable and that resources should not be set aside to invest in them. Such a culture resulted to poor working conditions and low morale from employees. The customers were affected as a result due to the lack of customer service, which is viewed by the increased customer complaints. Ecobot should change its organizational culture. It should embrace policies and values that aim at empowering their employees. It can do so by rewriting its corporate goals and visions to statements that aim at making the organization the best in its field while treating its employees well (Thompson, 2014). It should adopt practices that empower its employees such as training programs, involving them in decision making procedures, and changing the mindset of everyone in the organization that employees are a valuable resource that should be invested in (Dwayne, 2010). Ecobot has raised the leadership roles of its leaders such that they do almost everything as the employees watch. Such an environment is not good for the leaders as they may overwhelm themselves with the operations, which may result into frustration, fatigue, and stress. Their productivity levels will decrease reducing the profitability of the company. Empowering leaders to such extremes result to mistreatment and demeaning of employees. It may also lead to embezzlement and

Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Essay

Compare and contrast the attitudes of the Scientific School of Management thought (Taylor et al) with those of the Human Relations Movement (Mayo et al) with regard to people at work - Essay Example uding the determination of the most effective way to coordinate tasks, careful selection of employees for different positions, proper training and development of the workforce, and the introduction of economic incentives in order to motivate employees. Taylor’s scientific management theory is widely used today and underlies many management techniques from work study to standard costing. In scientific management theory, Taylor believed that management’s objective should be to secure maximum prosperity for both employers and employees in both the short and long term. He was able to arrive at this principle by studying the causes of hostility and inefficiency in the workplace. In his investigation, Taylor believed that left to their own devices, workers toiled inefficiently, basing their work practices on custom and habit rather than on scientific principles. In addition, he attributed hostility to the belief among workers that increases in output would naturally result in unemployment and that the traditional practice created inefficient methods of work and that workers restricted their outputs in order to protect their interests. (Cascarion and Esch, p. 106) Taylor called this as workers’ engagement in â€Å"soldiering.† He outlined two types of soldiering: Systematic soldiering, on the other hand, is the concerted restriction of output and the more problematic of the two. This attitude was rooted in management’s failure to develop appropriate authority and legitimation for standard work. (Collins 1998, p. 11) Taylor addressed this challenge by studying each job in order to discover the best way in doing it. He was able to identify the best means of control. He developed four approaches to management designed to be able to recruit and maintain workers – whose needs and attitudes towards work are met: Through the previous principles Taylor was able to design a set of standards in regard to control and workers’ wages in terms of scientifically

Learning English as a Second language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Learning English as a Second language - Essay Example As a second language, English can be learnt in two basic methods. Firstly, the language can be learnt through acquisition. This method of learning English takes place through interaction with native speakers. The method also involves practicing and imitations whereby the learner tries to copy the native speakers (Blackshire 123). Studying through a classroom setting is the second method through which a person can learn English as a second language. Unfortunately, I had to go through this procedure in order to become an English speaker and I always wish I had taken the first method. This perception concerning learning English through a class room setting always appeared as an inappropriate idea until recently when I held a conversation with one of my former teachers. During the encounter, the teacher informed me that had I opted for the first method, I would be in a far worse condition than I am right now. From the conversation, I realized that studying how to speak a language is equ ally important to learning how to write in the same language. I also realized that through the classroom setting there were measures that I could use to measure my progress unlike in the acquisition method where it is difficult to measure progress. These measures also acted as a source of motivation and challenges through my entire studentship. After discussing the issue of learning English as a second language with my teacher, I realized a change in my perception towards the standard of spoken English (Rokeach 34).

Organizational theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational theory - Coursework Example 45) For the best implementation of change towards this model, first, there should be personal and team education, this would help in the proper understanding of the challenges presented and the possible methods to deal with these challenges, for this to go as required the process must start with a self-assessment test. They should then highlight the concepts and the approaches, and then conduct the training sessions (Moretz, 2012, p. 107) The second step towards moving to this model is educating others, in that those who understand the concepts of this model and have enough knowledge regarding strategies and programs can share this information with other staff members and their colleagues. As the information spreads, even the families come to join the process. This may be through professional and personal stories, organizational leadership staff and even peer mentors The third step for the implementation of the model is the development of infrastructure, this helps in sustaining and creating improvements in many institutions. Infrastructure development may be through staff liaison, integration of patient and family advisors and development of action plans (Moretz, 2012, p.

Personal Statement for the UCAS application (UK Universities)

For the UCAS application (UK Universities) - Personal Statement Example industry is a major driver of the world’s major economies with new innovations, new discoveries particularly in electronic devices, new technologies in food and clothing industries and flow of new medicines to different healthcare facilities of the world. I want to be part of this industry for I have always wanted to work where I can positively impact the lives of people. I wish to study in the UK since most of my friends have pursued their international studies in the UK based Universities and have highly recommended me to join these international institutions where all are welcome and where world-class teaching takes place. I have also been doing my own research on the best place to undertake my course and I have discovered that UK is that best place for UK education is one of the few recognized by governments, universities and employers in all corner of the world. Also, universities ranked as best in the world are based here in the UK. I am sponsored by SABIC Company which is one of the major manufacturing companies in Saudi Arabia and the largest public company listed in Middle East specializing in industrial polymers, chemicals and intermediates, metals and even fertilizers. Basically, I am a part of this company hence this career does not only match my strengths but also my future interests. I therefore feel that pursuing chemical engineering perfectly suits my job and will allow me to utilize my talents in the best way as I acquire the needed skills and knowledge to lead SABIC Company to even becoming a better chemical manufacturer and maintaining its ground as a world major chemical manufacturing company. I am practically a very social person and I love meeting and making new friends. Therefore, apart from having reading as my leisure interests, I love visiting museums and national archives. A visit to the museum and national archives makes me feel satisfied. I also love outdoor activities and sporting activities. Eating out, walking in the parks,

Organizational theory Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Organizational theory - Coursework Example 45) For the best implementation of change towards this model, first, there should be personal and team education, this would help in the proper understanding of the challenges presented and the possible methods to deal with these challenges, for this to go as required the process must start with a self-assessment test. They should then highlight the concepts and the approaches, and then conduct the training sessions (Moretz, 2012, p. 107) The second step towards moving to this model is educating others, in that those who understand the concepts of this model and have enough knowledge regarding strategies and programs can share this information with other staff members and their colleagues. As the information spreads, even the families come to join the process. This may be through professional and personal stories, organizational leadership staff and even peer mentors The third step for the implementation of the model is the development of infrastructure, this helps in sustaining and creating improvements in many institutions. Infrastructure development may be through staff liaison, integration of patient and family advisors and development of action plans (Moretz, 2012, p.

The Success of State Reconstruction Varies according to the Scale of S Literature review

The Success of State Reconstruction Varies according to the Scale of State Collapse - Literature review Example Reconstruction of States following conflicts is usually conducted with the help of various countries and organizations in the spirit of peace, development, and brotherhood of nations, infusing financial and human resources into a target State. In most cases, donor countries provide assistance in the forms of technical expertise and establish cooperative development programmes for locales where the State has no capacity to provide for the needs and protect the right of its populace. Many developed countries like the United States of America, Japan, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom, have their own foreign aid agencies and programmes providing technical and financial assistance to other countries rising from collapse, poverty or underdevelopment affecting its populace. Â  Most foreign development interventions normally follow the necessity for consent and cooperation of a recipient country. International development projects and programmes normally involve the infusion of technical advice and assistance from foreign international experts, and in some cases, these experts are tasked to manage key functions of governance within target countries. International development programmes and projects may range from the delivery of basic human services like healthcare services, agricultural and food development, to the restructuring and strengthening of judicial and legal systems of target/host countries. The first organizations to establish development assistance packages, through the study, expansion, and institutionalization of good governance as an accepted policy for development, are the World Bank (WB) and the United Nations (UN) through its various agencies and international programmes. The World Bank is best known for its implementation of economic governance programmes in the form of technical assistance and loan packages. The United Nations, on the other hand, focused on the delivery of basic human services and assistance as well as resolving conflict and legal issues within target or recipient countries. Food and agriculture improvement programs of the UN are the World Food Program (WFP) and programs by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), with healthcare development, like provision of water, sanitation, and general health, implemented by the World Health Organization and the UN International Children’s Educational Fund (UNICEF).

The Issue of Female Identity in the Novel The Trick Essay Example for Free

The Issue of Female Identity in the Novel The Trick Essay This paper examines the issues of gender within Janice Galloway’s novel, The Trick is to Keep Breathing. The paper considers the identity crisis that the character of Joy Stone in the novel faces and discloses how this crisis is triggered as a result of social oppression. The Trick is to Keep Breathing is primarily a story about the mental health of an individual and tells of how she has suffered to such an extent that she has been plummeted into depression, self-loathing and anorexia. One of the key themes in the book is that of alienation. The main character, Joy, is suffering from a loss, a loss that is not recognized in the eyes of society; she is the mistress of a dead man. Whilst the family of the man are able to openly grieve and be acknowledged for their position in her lover’s life, she is forced to hide her feelings away, together with her knowledge of her lover’s feelings for her, in her own secret prison. Her position as a mistress leaves her with no place to grieve and the social constraints of society entail she is restrained from mourning. Social institutions mean that she has no justifiable relationship with Michael and therefore is without purpose, she has no existence. She is thus socially oppressed and such oppression acts as means by which Joy’s identity and place in the world is stripped from her. Joy has no real control over her life. . She is thus trying to grief alone and quietly but her inability to publicly release her feelings and gain recognition for how significant she was in her lover life mean that loses all self respect and she subsequently endures a lifestyle that is devoid of any significance. She completes her daily chores with very little feeling and her future stretches before her in a daunting and formidable fashion. Even time is meaningless to her. Joy’s depressed and emptiness plays out on both a psychological and a physical level. She is obsessed with her own image and allows her self perception to be negatively impacted by the magazines she reads and the inferior way in which they make her feel. The only way in which she seems capable of having some control over her feelings is through denying herself food. She attempts to rid herself of her sense of loss and her frustration with the way in which society treats her by starving herself and thus intertwines her identity crisis with her physical body. But the physical manifestations of her oppression only serve to enhance her feelings of loss, â€Å"Empty space. I had nothing inside me† (147). She is increasingly becoming separated from the world in which she lives, the people who surround her and even her own body. Gender is of extremely relevance within the novel and her relationships with various male figures such as the doctors, an ex boyfriend and her boss form an important element of the story. All of the men she encounters are dominant, overpowering characters who, in their own ways, wish Joy to submit to their wishes. Her memories of her ex-lover control her, the doctors think they know what is best for her and wish for her to do as she is told and other characters simply want to seduce her. However, Joy has lost all ability to adhere to the men’s wishes and she suffers a form of breakdown; one which rebels against what is socially expected of her and strives for freedom from the entrapment of the male gaze and their endless orders. She learns to create meaning for herself, not by adhering to what society deems meaningful but by defining this for herself. By stripping things of the meaning attributed to them by society she is able to rid herself of her oppression and see life in a new light. She learns that she is happier if she doesn’t live by society’s rules and, whilst this may her appear chaotic to an outside audience, it frees her from her personal prison.

AASB Accounting :: essays research papers

Apply AASB 1001 to Report:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Financial Report 2004 of Coles Myer Ltd has proven that the company has obliged the Standard of AASB 1001 Accounting Policies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The report has satisfied relevance by Relevant financial information assisting users in making and evaluating decisions about the allocation of scarce resources(Statement of Financial Position-profit or loss). It assists them in making predictions about future situations and in forming expectations, or it plays a confirmatory role in respect of their past evaluations Financial information may be relevant because of its nature, itsnature and magnitude, or because of its magnitude in relation to its nature. Additional guidance on relevance is provided in SAC 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The financial report has reliable financial information which faithfully conveys to users theunderlying transactions and other events that have occurred. For financial information to be reliable, it needs to be free from bias. Reliable financial information does not lead users to conclusions that serve particular needs, desires or preconceptions of the preparers of financial reports.This is see on the last page of the report where it has been signed by accountants and the AASB representatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This financial report is able to compare aspects of an entity over time and compare aspects between entities at one time and over time. This implies that the recognition, measurement and presentation of transactions or other events need to be carried out in a consistent manner throughout an entity and over time for that entity, and that there needs to be consistency between entities in these regards. However, consistency should not impede the introduction of improved financial reporting. It is not acceptable for an entity to retain its accounting policies to the detriment of the concepts of relevance and reliability. Additional guidance on comparability is provided in SAC 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The financial report of Coles Myer shows that it is on a going concern basis due to the Statement if Financial Performance by viewing the Revenues inflow and Expenses outflow and coming to a profit at the end of the financial year.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The accrual basis recognises the financial effects of transactions or other events in the financial years in which they occur, to the extent that those financial effects can be recognised, irrespective of whether cash has been received or paid. Accrual accounting provides information about assets, liabilities, equity, revenues and expenses, and changes in them, that cannot be obtained by accounting only for cash receipts and payments.

The Narrative Structure of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness Essa

The Narrative Structure of Wuthering Heights and Heart of Darkness      Ã‚  Ã‚   Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte was first published in 1847, during the Victorian Era. Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad was first published as a complete novel in 1902, beginning what is referred to as the Modernist Era in literature. Each of these compelling stories is narrated by an uninvolved character who is quoting a story told to them by a character who actually participated in the story being told. There are both differences and similarities in these effective methods of narration that reflect the styles and expectations of those times.      In Bronte's Wuthering Heights, the character of Lockwood begins the tale, and then moves into recounting the oration of the history of Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange as seen through the eyes of Nelly Dean. Lockwood's additions to the story are limited to the beginning of the novel and to the end, and to one occasion when he pleads with Nelly Dean, "Draw your knitting out of your pocket-that will do-now continue the history of Mr. Heathcliff, from where you left off, to the present day"(WH 70). Nelly Dean, who was an active participant in some of the episodes she tells of (but not all of them) tells the bulk of the story to the reader.    In Conrad's Heart of Darkness, an unnamed seaman is recounting a tale told to him by Captain Marlow. The unnamed narrator's appearance is interspersed throughout the story, reminding the reader that it is a story being told to a group of sailors. "I listened, I listened on the watch for the sentence, for the word, that would give me the clue to the faint uneasiness inspired by this narrative that seemed to shape itself without human lips in the he... ...the same type of narrative frame, each is indicative of the time when it was written.    Emily Bronte wrote Nelly Dean's narrative to fit with the times and the audience of 1847. Fifty-five years later Joseph Conrad began the Modernist Era with his narrative by Marlow, and captured the attention of a new audience. As things changed and time moved on, so did the audiences for British Literature.    Works Cited and Consulted Bressler, Charles E. Literary Criticism. New Jersey. Prentice Hall, 1999. Bronte, Emily.   Wuthering Heights.   W.W. Norton: New York, 1990. Conrad, Joseph. "Heart of Darkness" The Longman Anthology British Literature. Ed. David Damrosch. Longman. New York. 2000. 2190-2246. Damrosch, David, et al., ed.   The Longman Anthology of British Literature: Vol. B.   Compact ed.   New York: Longman - Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

Nurse to patient ratio in emergency rooms

The presence of emergency rooms in hospital provides the people with additional service especially in time of need. Emergency situations are given the attention they deserve and the people affected are extended prompt care and treatment in emergency rooms. â€Å"When you need help right away, the best place to go is the nearest hospital emergency room. Also called the ER, this place is open 24 hours a day. Nurses and doctors are there day and night to care for medical problems that need quick attention† (â€Å"What Happens In The Emergency Room†). The presence of doctors, nurses, and equipment are important factors in making the emergency room serve its purpose. Due to the number of emergency situations that occur on a daily basis however, said factors must be assessed in order to determine whether or not emergency rooms still provide ample assistance to people in a given community.One such factor of great importance is the number of nurses assigned to a shift in an eme rgency room. It is important to review how the number of nurses in an emergency room can affect the rendition of service to patients, and ultimately, how it affects mortality of patients in the hospital. Nurses are of value and importance inside the hospital. As correctly stated by Underwood,Nurses in the community are well prepared and well positioned to improve the health and well-being of people living in the community. The available evidence is convincing that nurses in the community have a positive impact on the health of individuals, families, and populations (2003).Admittedly, it is the doctor who orders what type of treatment and prescribes the necessary medication to a certain patient. However, it must be noted that without the nurse, the orders of the doctor will be put to naught since no one will be in charge in the execution of said orders. So also, the basic things preliminary to the treatment of the patient are usually done by the nurse. Thus, it necessary to analyze h ow understaffing of nurses in the emergency room could affect the services these nurses render to the patients who are urgently in need of help. Ultimately, it can be seen that the safety of the patients are dependent on the number of the nurses that are assigned to the emergency room in a given shift.The quality of the services provided and delivered by the nurses depends on the tasks assigned to them and to the number of patients they attend to. Based on studies conducted, increase in the ratio between patients and nurses are advantageous as regards the delivery of health care services to the patients. The opposite is not only disadvantageous to the interests of the patients, but rather, it could lead to deterioration of health or even death on the part of the patients. The staffing of nurses in emergency rooms is an important issue must be addressed. The patient and nurse ratio affects the work load of the nurse, medication errors, waiting time of patients, delivery of care and m ortality. Said issues must be address in order to ensure that emergency rooms are still effective venues for rendering treatment to emergency situations.Increase in the patient to nurse ratio would ensure better rendition of services to patients. Firstly, delays will be prevented by higher ratio between patents and nurses inside the emergency room. Clearly, there are instances where more patients need care and there are only a handful of nurses available at a given shift. In these cases, not all the patients will be attended to promptly. Some would have to wait because the nurses would have to focus on the other patients who are in need of more urgent care or treatment.The other patient, also needing emergency treatment, will necessarily have to wait. As aptly stated,  excessive delays are akin to possible adverse events from the supply side (pressure experienced by the nurses) and from the demand side (waiting patients), both of which factor into the overall quality of care. Acco rdingly, we pose the nurse staffing problem in terms of finding staffing levels that guarantee a bound on a specified probability of excessive delay [†¦]  staffing levels are set to prevent the assistance of patients in need from being delayed longer than a specified time constraint [†¦] (Vericourt and Jennings).It must not be forgotten that emergency rooms are assigned in a hospital in order to provide attention to emergency cases. If patients are made to wait for a long period of time before their ailment can be attended to, then the purpose for which emergency room exists is not being served.  The adverse effect of the delay caused by a decrease in patient to nurse ratio is not limited to having the patient wait for treatment that he or she needs.Ultimately, the health of the patient is adversely affected.  delaying certain procedures can endanger patient health. For instance, the medical guidelines for certain myocardial infarctions recommend the immediate admini stration of aspirin. Delays also give rise to unfinished tasks, either because nurses fail to remember them later or because they abandon them in order to take care of more urgent procedures.In emergency rooms situations, time is always of the essence. Hence, the waiting time of the patient must be lessened, if not absolutely eliminated. The mere fact that the patient sought help from the emergency room means that care and treatment must be urgently administered to him. Having the patient wait due to the limited number of nurses that are available in a given shift means that the patient has to bear with his ailment before he can be attended to. This is contrary to the purpose of emergency rooms.Secondly, the increase in the patient to nurse ratio will clearly eliminate medication errors inadvertently done by nurses. It must be admitted that the number of patients assigned to a nurse at one given time largely affects the performance of the nurse concerned. If patients, more than thos e which one nurse can handle, are assigned to a nurse, there will be difficulty in attending to all of said patients. This could lead to error in administering the proper treatment to be given to a certain patient. Regardless of the competence of the nurses in the hospital, the weight of their work load can actually influence the quality of service that they deliver to the patients.In instances which involved the decrease of the ratio between patient and nurse, medication errors have been made by nurses. The commission of said errors eventually led to complaints from patients due to faulty and low quality of service that has been provided to them. One article recounted that a report from the Department of Health of Massachusetts revealed that â€Å"medical errors and complaints at hospitals have increased by 76 percent in seven years† (Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†) due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms.Thus, it appears that decrease in the ratio bet ween nurse and patient could actually lead to endangering the health of patients. This could also blemish the character and reputation of hospitals in the community because instead of ensuring the health of the patients, they accomplish the opposite.Lastly, and more importantly, the ratio between patient and nurse affects the quality of service given to, and the mortality of patients seeking help from the emergency room. As mentioned earlier, the delay in receiving proper care and the great possibility of errors in medication could adversely affect the health of patients. This is the same reason why a lot of States have resorted to the promulgation of laws involving the fixing of the ratio between patients and clients in the hospital. This is to ensure quality of the care provided to the patients. As correctly pointed out by Vericourt and Jennings,The rationale for implementing these ratios stems from the association between nurse staffing level and patient safety. Research studies suggest a significant connection between nurse workload and clinical outcomes. For instance, Aiken et al. (2002) conclude that the addition of one surgical patient to nurse assignments results in a 7% increase in mortality rates. The purpose of the mandated nurse-to-patient ratios is to provide a consistently high level of patient safety throughout the state. Ostensibly, safety is partially attained through manageable workloads among those who actually provide health care services.If decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients is countenanced, then a lot of patients would suffer because they will not receive the urgent treatment that they need. There is a possibility that their injury or ailment could actually worsen due to errors in treatment or medication. So also, there is a chance that due to lack of timely and proper treatment, death could ensue.The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science reports that â€Å"nurse staffing levels affect patient outcomes and safety.† Insufficient monitoring of patients, caused by poor working conditions and the assignment of too few RNs, increases the likelihood of patient deaths and injuries at a time when avoidable medical errors kill up to 98,000 people in U.S. hospitals every year (â€Å"Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†).This is, unquestionably, a serious issue that must be addressed. As mentioned above, the emergency room is a place where quick attention could be given to patients who are in need. There is a promise that ailments and injuries will be treated right away in order to save the patient. However, due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms, it appears that chances of death are even heightened.All the materials related to the issue at hand are in agreement that the fixing of the ratio between patients and nurses is an important issue that deserves attention. Not only does it affect the workload of the nurses, but ultimately, it affects the health and safety of the patients seeking help from the hospital. In a survey conducted, even the nurses themselves agree that understaffing is a serious problem encountered in most hospitals. â€Å"The survey data demonstrate that nurses view understaffing as a serious problem when it comes both to the quality of care that patients receive and to nurse burnout. For example, three in five (59%) hospital nurses say that the staffing level at their hospital is having a negative impact on the quality of care patients receive† (Hart, 2003).In conclusion, emergency rooms and nurses play an important role in the society when it comes to giving urgent care and treatment to patients seeking help. Mere assignment of nurses to emergency rooms is not sufficient. A sufficient number of nurses must be assigned to a certain shift in the emergency room in order to meet the demands of the people in need. Undeniably, nurses play different roles while they are at work.Its goal is to promote and preserve the healt h of populations and is directed to communities, groups, families and individuals across their life span in a continuous rather than episodic process. The role and activities include: care/service provider; educator; consultant; community developer; leader; enabler; advocate; communicator; resource manager/planner; coordinator; team member/collaborator; researcher/evaluator; social marketer; and policy formulator (Underwood, 2003).If said duties are expected of nurses, then it appears that said duties cannot be accomplished if only a few nurses are assigned in a certain shift.   Research proves that decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients affect adversely the performance of nurses. They commit errors in medication and are not able to provide proper care and treatment to all the patients assigned to them. On the other hand, increase in the ratio between nurses and patients ensure that only the best quality service and care will be given to the patient. Proper attention an d adequate attention is ensured because the nurse is able to focus on the patient. Ultimately, in increasing the ratio between nurses and patients, nurses are able to perform their duties efficiently, and the patients receive the care and attention that they deserve. Related article: â€Å"Ati RN Community Health Online Practice 2016 B†REFERENCEKaestner, R. (2006). Nurse-to-Patient Ratios. â€Å"What Happens In the Emergency Room?†. 2007. Nurse to patient ratio in emergency rooms The presence of emergency rooms in hospital provides the people with additional service especially in time of need. Emergency situations are given the attention they deserve and the people affected are extended prompt care and treatment in emergency rooms. â€Å"When you need help right away, the best place to go is the nearest hospital emergency room. Also called the ER, this place is open 24 hours a day. Nurses and doctors are there day and night to care for medical problems that need quick attention† (â€Å"What Happens In The Emergency Room†). The presence of doctors, nurses, and equipment are important factors in making the emergency room serve its purpose. Due to the number of emergency situations that occur on a daily basis however, said factors must be assessed in order to determine whether or not emergency rooms still provide ample assistance to people in a given community.One such factor of great importance is the number of nurses assigned to a shift in an eme rgency room. It is important to review how the number of nurses in an emergency room can affect the rendition of service to patients, and ultimately, how it affects mortality of patients in the hospital. Nurses are of value and importance inside the hospital. As correctly stated by Underwood,Nurses in the community are well prepared and well positioned to improve the health and well-being of people living in the community. The available evidence is convincing that nurses in the community have a positive impact on the health of individuals, families, and populations (2003).Admittedly, it is the doctor who orders what type of treatment and prescribes the necessary medication to a certain patient. However, it must be noted that without the nurse, the orders of the doctor will be put to naught since no one will be in charge in the execution of said orders. So also, the basic things preliminary to the treatment of the patient are usually done by the nurse. Thus, it necessary to analyze h ow understaffing of nurses in the emergency room could affect the services these nurses render to the patients who are urgently in need of help. Ultimately, it can be seen that the safety of the patients are dependent on the number of the nurses that are assigned to the emergency room in a given shift.The quality of the services provided and delivered by the nurses depends on the tasks assigned to them and to the number of patients they attend to. Based on studies conducted, increase in the ratio between patients and nurses are advantageous as regards the delivery of health care services to the patients. The opposite is not only disadvantageous to the interests of the patients, but rather, it could lead to deterioration of health or even death on the part of the patients. The staffing of nurses in emergency rooms is an important issue must be addressed. The patient and nurse ratio affects the work load of the nurse, medication errors, waiting time of patients, delivery of care and m ortality. Said issues must be address in order to ensure that emergency rooms are still effective venues for rendering treatment to emergency situations.Increase in the patient to nurse ratio would ensure better rendition of services to patients. Firstly, delays will be prevented by higher ratio between patents and nurses inside the emergency room. Clearly, there are instances where more patients need care and there are only a handful of nurses available at a given shift. In these cases, not all the patients will be attended to promptly. Some would have to wait because the nurses would have to focus on the other patients who are in need of more urgent care or treatment. The other patient, also needing emergency treatment, will necessarily have to wait.As aptly stated, excessive delays are akin to possible adverse events from the supply side (pressure experienced by the nurses) and from the demand side (waiting patients), both of which factor into the overall quality of care. Accordi ngly, we pose the nurse staffing problem in terms of finding staffing levels that guarantee a bound on a specified probability of excessive delay [†¦]  staffing levels are set to prevent the assistance of patients in need from being delayed longer than a specified time constraint [†¦] (Vericourt and Jennings).It must not be forgotten that emergency rooms are assigned in a hospital in order to provide attention to emergency cases. If patients are made to wait for a long period of time before their ailment can be attended to, then the purpose for which emergency room exists is not being served.The adverse effect of the delay caused by a decrease in patient to nurse ratio is not limited to having the patient wait for treatment that he or she needs. Ultimately, the health of the patient is adversely affected.  delaying certain procedures can endanger patient health. For instance, the medical guidelines for certain myocardial infarctions recommend the immediate administrati on of aspirin. Delays also give rise to unfinished tasks, either because nurses fail to remember them later or because they abandon them in order to take care of more urgent procedures.In emergency rooms situations, time is always of the essence. Hence, the waiting time of the patient must be lessened, if not absolutely eliminated. The mere fact that the patient sought help from the emergency room means that care and treatment must be urgently administered to him. Having the patient wait due to the limited number of nurses that are available in a given shift means that the patient has to bear with his ailment before he can be attended to. This is contrary to the purpose of emergency rooms.Secondly, the increase in the patient to nurse ratio will clearly eliminate medication errors inadvertently done by nurses. It must be admitted that the number of patients assigned to a nurse at one given time largely affects the performance of the nurse concerned. If patients, more than those whic h one nurse can handle, are assigned to a nurse, there will be difficulty in attending to all of said patients. This could lead to error in administering the proper treatment to be given to a certain patient. Regardless of the competence of the nurses in the hospital, the weight of their work load can actually influence the quality of service that they deliver to the patients.In instances which involved the decrease of the ratio between patient and nurse, medication errors have been made by nurses. The commission of said errors eventually led to complaints from patients due to faulty and low quality of service that has been provided to them. One article recounted that a report from the Department of Health of Massachusetts revealed that â€Å"medical errors and complaints at hospitals have increased by 76 percent in seven years† (Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†) due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms.   Thus, it appears that decrease in the ratio betw een nurse and patient could actually lead to endangering the health of patients. This could also blemish the character and reputation of hospitals in the community because instead of ensuring the health of the patients, they accomplish the opposite.Lastly, and more importantly, the ratio between patient and nurse affects the quality of service given to, and the mortality of patients seeking help from the emergency room. As mentioned earlier, the delay in receiving proper care and the great possibility of errors in medication could adversely affect the health of patients. This is the same reason why a lot of States have resorted to the promulgation of laws involving the fixing of the ratio between patients and clients in the hospital. This is to ensure quality of the care provided to the patients. As correctly pointed out by Vericourt and Jennings,The rationale for implementing these ratios stems from the association between nurse staffing level and patient safety. Research studies s uggest a significant connection between nurse workload and clinical outcomes. For instance, Aiken et al. (2002) conclude that the addition of one surgical patient to nurse assignments results in a 7% increase in mortality rates. The purpose of the mandated nurse-to-patient ratios is to provide a consistently high level of patient safety throughout the state. Ostensibly, safety is partially attained through manageable workloads among those who actually provide health care services.If decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients is countenanced, then a lot of patients would suffer because they will not receive the urgent treatment that they need. There is a possibility that their injury or ailment could actually worsen due to errors in treatment or medication. So also, there is a chance that due to lack of timely and proper treatment, death could ensue.The Institute of Medicine of the National Academies of Science reports that â€Å"nurse staffing levels affect patient outcomes and safety.† Insufficient monitoring of patients, caused by poor working conditions and the assignment of too few RNs, increases the likelihood of patient deaths and injuries at a time when avoidable medical errors kill up to 98,000 people in U.S. hospitals every year (â€Å"Why The Staffing Ratio Law Is Needed†).This is, unquestionably, a serious issue that must be addressed. As mentioned above, the emergency room is a place where quick attention could be given to patients who are in need. There is a promise that ailments and injuries will be treated right away in order to save the patient. However, due to understaffing of nurses in emergency rooms, it appears that chances of death are even heightened.All the materials related to the issue at hand are in agreement that the fixing of the ratio between patients and nurses is an important issue that deserves attention. Not only does it affect the workload of the nurses, but ultimately, it affects the health and safety of the patients seeking help from the hospital. In a survey conducted, even the nurses themselves agree that understaffing is a serious problem encountered in most hospitals. â€Å"The survey data demonstrate that nurses view understaffing as a serious problem when it comes both to the quality of care that patients receive and to nurse burnout. For example, three in five (59%) hospital nurses say that the staffing level at their hospital is having a negative impact on the quality of care patients receive† (Hart, 2003).In conclusion, emergency rooms and nurses play an important role in the society when it comes to giving urgent care and treatment to patients seeking help. Mere assignment of nurses to emergency rooms is not sufficient. A sufficient number of nurses must be assigned to a certain shift in the emergency room in order to meet the demands of the people in need. Undeniably, nurses play different roles while they are at work.Its goal is to promote and preserve the health of populations and is directed to communities, groups, families and individuals across their life span in a continuous rather than episodic process. The role and activities include: care/service provider; educator; consultant; community developer; leader; enabler; advocate; communicator; resource manager/planner; coordinator; team member/collaborator; researcher/evaluator; social marketer; and policy formulator (Underwood, 2003).If said duties are expected of nurses, then it appears that said duties cannot be accomplished if only a few nurses are assigned in a certain shift.   Research proves that decrease in the ratio between nurses and patients affect adversely the performance of nurses. They commit errors in medication and are not able to provide proper care and treatment to all the patients assigned to them. On the other hand, increase in the ratio between nurses and patients ensure that only the best quality service and care will be given to the patient. Proper attention and adequate attention is ensured because the nurse is able to focus on the patient. Ultimately, in increasing the ratio between nurses and patients, nurses are able to perform their duties efficiently, and the patients receive the care and attention that they deserve.REFERENCEHart, P. (2003). Patient-To-Nurse Staffing Ratios: Perspectives From Hospital Nurses. AFT Healthcare. Kaestner, R. (2006). Nurse-to-Patient Ratios. Tone, B. (1999). Nurse-patient ratios, professionalism and safety. Vericourt and Jennings. Nurse To Patient Rations in Hospital Staffing: a Queuing Perspective. http://faculty.fuqua.duke.edu/~fdv1/bio/ratios3.pdfUnderwood, J. (2003). Value of Nurses In the Community. Canadian Nurses Association, â€Å"What Happens In the Emergency Room?†. 2007. â€Å"Why The Staffing Ration Law Is Needed†. 2005.